Sulistyono, Nantil Bambang Eko (2017) Optimasi Usaha Ternak Sapi Potong Dengan Usahatani Tanaman Pangan Di Lahan Sawah Yang Berkelanjutan Di Kabupaten Jember Jawa Timur. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Sektor pertanian telah mampu memberikan peran penting dalam perekonomian nasional melalui pembentukan Produk Domistik Bruto (PDB), perolehan devisa, penyediaan pangan dan bahan baku industri, pengentasan kemiskinan, penciptaan kesempatan kerja, dan peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat (Kementan 2009). Sektor pertanian mempunyai efek pengganda kedepan dan kebelakang yang besar, melalui keterkaitan “input-output-outcome” antar industri, konsumsi dan investasi. Hal dapat terjadi secara nasional maupun regional karena keunggulan komparatif sebagian besar wilayah Indonesia adalah di sektor pertanian. Namun demikian, kinerja di sektor pertanian cenderung menurun akibat kurang mendapat perhatian sebagaimana mestinya. Pembangunan di masa lalu kurang memperhatikan keunggulan komparatif yang dimiliki. Keunggulan komparatif yang dimiliki belum didayagunakan sehingga menjadi keunggulan kompetitif nasional. Akibat dari strategi yang dibangun tersebut maka struktur ekonomi menjadi rapuh. Krisis ekonomi yang lalu memberi pelajaran berharga dari kondisi tersebut. Apabila pengembangan ekonomi daerah dan nasional didasarkan atas keunggulan yang dimiliki maka perekonomian yang terbangun akan memiliki kemampuan bersaing dan berdayaguna bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. System integrasi dengan tanaman (SISTA) maupun system integrasi sapi potong dengan tanaman (SISPOTTA) umumnya belum optimal diterapkan, sekalipun sudah ada beberapa kajian penelitian yang merekomendasikan system integrasi. Praktek saat ini dimana usaha ternak dan usaha tanaman masih diusahakan secara diversivitasi dan belum dilaksanakan secara integratedfarming. Untuk itu diperlukan model Sistem Integrasi Sapi Potong dengan Tanaman (SISPOTTA) yaitu system usahatani yang mengintegrasikan usaha ternak sapi potong dengan tanaman pangan dan komponen terkait secara terintegrasi (integrated crop-livestock system) yang dapat dijadikan pertimbangan perumusan program untuk dapat diterapkan di tingkat peternak sapi didaerah dalam upaya pembangunan peternakan berkelanjutan. Beberapa permasalahan yang timbul di daerah penelitian yaitu model integrasi sudah mulai diterapkan, namun masih terkendala pada faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja setiap komponen produksi baik sapi perah, tanaman, biogas, pupuk organic, maupun integrasi setiap komponen dalam integrasi sapi dengan tanaman pangan. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan analisis model berdasarkan factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ix terhadap pendapatan usaha Sistem Integrasi Sapi Potong Dengan Tanaman (SISPOTTA). Model SISPOTTA juga perlu dilakukan analisis keberlanjutan berdasarkan dimensi-dimensi keberlanjutan, yaitu demiensi ekonomi, ekologi, social dan kelembagaan. Analisis keberlanjutan dapat bersifat evaluative ataupun prediktif, ditentukan berdasarkan serangkaian nilai indicator yang telah dilakukan perhitungan melalui teknik-teknik yang relevan. Model prediksi mencakup pemahaman keterkaitan antara komponen yang berpengaruh terhadap pencapaian keberlanjutan. Model prediksi keberlanjutan memungkinkan dilakukan analisis kebijakan sehingga merupakan salah satu instrument penting untuk menentukan kebijakan peningkatan agribisnis di masa mendatang. Model diharapkan dapat dijadikan masukan bagi pengambil kebijakan untuk mengembangkan SISPOTTA yang berkelanjutan, agar peternak mau dan mampu menerapkan SISPOTTA baik pada tanaman padi maupun palawija dalam rangka meningkatkan ekonomi rumah tangga peternak, serta dalam menunjang pembangunan pertanian peternakan yang berwawasan lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah menganalisis rugi - laba usaha ternak sapi potong dan usahatani tanaman pangan di lahan sawah, menganalisis besarnya kontribusi usaha ternak sapi potong dan usahatani tanaman pangan di lahan sawah terhadap pendapatan keluarga, menganalisis kombinasi usaha yang optimal penggunaan sumberdaya pada sistem terpadu usaha ternak sapi potong dengan usahatani tanaman pangan di lahan sawah dan menganalisis status keberlanjutan dimensi-dimensi ekonomi, ekologi, teknologi, social maupun kelembagaan pada system terpadu usaha ternak sapi potong dengan usahatani tanaman pangan di wilayah Kabupaten Jember Jawa Timur. Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah Kabupaten Jember Propinsi Jawa Timur. Kabupaten Jember adalah salah satu kabupaten yang meliliki populasi ternak sapi potong cukup besar dan merupakan wilayah pengembangan sapi potong di Jawa Timur. Penetapan lokasi penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan metode Multistage Sampling Method, tetapi dalam setiap wilayah lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara Purpose Sampling. Berdasarkan metode di atas maka dipilih kecamatan Umbulsari Kabupaten Jember sebagai lokasi penelitian, karena dari survey pendahuluan diperoleh informasi bahwa wilayah kecamatan Umbulsari kabupaten Jember memiliki area persawahan dengan sistem irigasi teknis sehingga dapat menerapkan beberapa model pola tanam dalam waktu 1 tahun, yaitu : Pola tanam 1 (Padi – Padi); Pola tanam 2 (Padi – Jagung), dan Pola tanam 3 (Padi – Kedelai). Di samping hal tersebut para petani juga terbiasa memelihara ternak sapi yang khususnya sapi potong sebagai kegiatan tambahan disamping usaha pertanian utama, yaitu tanaman pangan. Suvey lokasi dan kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan pada Nopember 2014 – April 2016. Jumlah sampel yang diambil sebanyak 32 orang tani-ternak. Analisis data menggunakan empat tahap yaitu Analisis biaya dan pendapatan, Analisis Linear Programming dan Analisis Keberlanjutan dengan MDS Rap-Sispotta. x Berdasarkan hasil penelitan dan pembahasan yang ada dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut : (1). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan dari hasil usahatani pola tanam 1 (padi-padi) sebesar Rp.12.944.460,- dan usaha sapi potong pembibitan per satuan ternak sebesar Rp.4.315.000,- sehingga jumlah pendapatan Rp 17.259.460,-. Pendapatan usahatani pola tanam 2 (padi-jagung) per hektar sebesar Rp 14.175.050,- dan usaha sapi potong pembibitan per satuan ternak sebesar R:p 4.656.000,- sehingga jumlah pendapatan sebesar Rp 18.831.050,-. Sedang pendapatan dari usahatani pola tanam 3 (padi-kedelai) per hektar sebesar 13.919.000,- dan usaha sapi potong pembibitan per satuan ternak sebesar Rp 4.141.500,- sehingga jumlah pendapatan Rp 18.060.500,-. Dari data tersebut di atas menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan paling tinggi adalah pada usahatani pada pola tanam 2, yaitu padi – jagung dengan ternak sapi potong. (2). Kontribusi pendapatan usaha ternak sapi potong terhadap jumlah pendapatan usahatani pada pola tanam 1 (padi-padi) sebesar 33,33 %, sedang pada pola tanam 2 (padi-jagung) sebesar 33,84 %, dan sedang pada pola tanam 3 (padi-kedelai) sebesar 29,75 %. (3). Pola tanam terpilih adalah usahatani dengan pola tanam 2 (padi-jagung) dan usaha sapi potong dengan optimasi peningkatan pendapatan maksimum sebesar Rp 2.434.000,-. Untuk mendapatkan tersebut diperlukan sumber daya antara lain lahan 1,01 hektar, nilai bibit pakan Rp 54.993,- pupuk urea 143 kg pupuk SP 3 564 kg, pupuk organik 1.110 kg, tenaga kerja luar keluarga 259 HOK, pemilikan sapi potong 2,00 ST, pakan ternak 12.775 kg dan tenaga kerja keluarga 350 HOK. (4). Berdasarkan lima dimensi keberlanjutan yang ada, maka usaha agribisnis sistem integrasi sapi potong dan tanaman di wilayah penelitian memiliki nilai indeks keberlanjutan sebesar 42,40. Indeks menunjukkan bahwa usaha agribisnis bersifat masih kurang berkelanjutan. Dimensi yang memiliki indek keberlanjutan paling buruk dan perlu diperhatian serius adalah dimensi teknologi dan infrastruktus, serta dimensi hukum dan kelembagaan.
English Abstract
Farming sector must have an important role in the national economic because it gave huge contribution to Gross Domestic Product (PDB) and was also helpful in obtaining foreign exchange, allocating food and industrial raw material, eradicating poverty, creating employment, and improving community income (Kementan, 2009). Farming sector has a great effect of forward and backward multipliers, and it was created through the interdependency of “inputoutput- outcome” between industry, consumption, and investment. This sector has a leading capacity at national and regional scales because comparatively, most regions of Indonesia have a common privilege, and that is farming sector. However, the performance in this farming sector started to decline due to the less attention given to this sector. The development in the past disregarded the comparative capacity in farming sector. This comparative capacity was failed to be effective and remained less usable for national competitive quality. The consequence was that the economical structure became so fragile. Economic crisis may give a valuable lesson of this concern. The development of local and national economics must use as guidance the competing and improving capacities. Sistem Integrasi Dengan Tanaman (SISTA) or Sistem Integrasi Sapi Potong Dengan Tanaman (SISPOTTA) were failed to be optimum despite many reviews that recommending integration system. Diversification was lacking in the animal breeding and crop planting works, and the works were surely not done through integrated-farming. SISPOTTA was then introduced as a farming system integrating beef cattle breeding work and crop planting work where the component of each work would be integrated (into so called integrated crop-livestock system). This system can be good reference for a program designed for cattle breeding regions to produce sustainable breeding development. Some problems, however, were emerging in research location. Integration model has been applied already, but some factors were constraining the performance of each production component, including dairy cattle, plant, biogas, organic fertilizer, and even how to integrate this component within integration system. Model analysis was conducted to examine factors influencing work income that should be obtained from SISPOTTA. Indeed, SISPOTTA was subjected to the analysis of sustainability to understand the dimensions of sustainability at various aspects such as economic, ecology, social, and organization. This analysis on sustainability can be evaluative or predictive in nature, and it also must consider a set of indicator values that must be counted with relevant technique. Predictive model provided an understanding about interrelation of any components influencing sustainable achievement. Sustainability prediction model could be done with the analysis on policies, and therefore, this analysis would be an important instrument to determine the proper policy for improving agribusiness in the future. The resultant model was expected xii to provide inputs needed by policy-maker to develop a sustainable SISPOTTA. It was also expected that breeders would be willing and able to apply SISPOTTA with field-rice and palawija in order to increase household economic and also to create the environmental friendly breeding-planting development. The objective of research is to analyze profit and loss from the integration of beef cattle breeding work and crop planting work at field-rice land, to examine the contribution to family income of the integration of beef cattle breeding work and crop planting work at field-rice land, to investigate the optimum combination of both works in using resources for the favor of integration system, and to acknowledge the sustainability status of the following dimensions such as economic, ecology, technology, social, and organization. Main issue is given upon the integration system of beef cattle breeding work and crop planting work in Jember Regency of East Java. Research was done in Jember Regency, East Java. Jember Regency is a regency with great population of beef cattle, and this Regency is also known as a center of beef cattle development in East Java. The determination of location is done with Multistage Sampling Method. In each location, sample is taken with Purposive Sampling. After operating the sampling technique, Umbulsari District in Jember Regency was then selected as the location of research. Preliminary survey has given information that Umbulsari District in Jember Regency has extensive field-rice land managed with technical irrigation system: Crop Pattern 1 (Rice-Rice), Crop Pattern 2 (Rice-Corn), and Crop Pattern 3 (Rice-Soybean). Farmers also breed cattles, especially beef cattles, as the side activity to crop planting work. The survey on location and research activity was done from November 2014 to April 2016. The sample includes 32 breeder-farmers. Data analysis involves four stages, including analysis on cost and on income, analysis of Linear Programming, and analysis on sustainability using MDS Rap-Sispotta. Based on result of research and discussion, some conclusions were obtained. (1) The income from Crop Pattern 1 was IDR.12,944,460,-.- while the income of beef cattle breeding work per animal unit was IDR.4,315,000.-. Therefore, the income total has reached IDR 17,259,460.-. The Crop Pattern 2 has delivered income per hectare of IDR 14,175,050.-, while the income of beef cattle breeding work per animal unit has attained for IDR 4,656,000.-. Thus, the income total would be IDR 18,831,050.-. The income from Crop Pattern 3 was about IDR 13,919,000.- while beef cattle breeding work per animal unit has given income of IDR 4,141,500.-, and thus, total income has counted for IDR 18.060.500.-. Based on field data, the highest income was obtained from ricecorn farming. (2) The contribution of Crop Pattern 1 and beef cattle breeding work to the total farming income was 33.33 percents. Crop Pattern 2 and its beef cattle breeding work have contribution of 33.84 percents to total farming income. Moreover, Crop Pattern 3 and beef cattle breeding work contributed to total farming income by 29.75 percents. (3) The selected crop pattern was rice-corn farming (Crop Pattern 2) because its integration with beef cattle breeding work has achieved increasing of maximum income of IDR 2,434,000,-. This favorable yield was obtained with some resources such as 1.01 hectare land, seedling priced at IDR 54,993.-, 143 kg Urea Fertilizer, 564 kg SP3 Fertilizer, 1,110 kg organic fertilizer, off-family workers at 259 labor works, beef cattle ownership at 2.00 animal unit, 12,775 kg animal feed, and on-family workers at 350 labor works. (4) As shown by five dimensions of sustainability, the agribusiness integration system between beef cattle breeding work and crop planting work has xiii index of sustainability of 42.40 value. The index, however, indicates that agribusiness work is not sustainable. Few dimensions have the worst index of sustainability, such as the dimension of technology and infrastructure, and the dimension of law and organization.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DIS/636/SUL/o/2017/061709040 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | LIVESTOCK, BEEF ENTTLE - BREEDING, CROPS, INDONESIA - JEMBER |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 636 Animal husbandry > 636.2 Cattle and related animals > 636.21 Cattle for specific purposes > 636.213 Beef / Crackers / Cattle--Carcasses / Beef cattle--Carcasses |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Apr 2018 01:29 |
| Last Modified: | 13 Dec 2020 06:49 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/9127 |
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