Aliviyanti, Dian (2017) Manipulasi Habitat Dengan Pengaturan Nitrat Dan Fosfat Untuk Pengurangan Ledakan Populasi Oscillatoria Di Perairan Tambak Udang Intensif Situbondo. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Penerapan sistem budidaya tambak udang secara intensif tidak menjamin keberhasilan produksi secara terus-menerus. Seperti yang terjadi pada tambak udang Kabupaten Situbondo, penerapan sistem budidaya intensif di tambak melalui pemberian pakan buatan dalam jumlah dan takaran tertentu selama masa pembesaran udang menyebabkan peningkatan limbah organik. Peningkatan limbah organik tersebut selain dari sisa pakan juga berasal dari kotoran ataupun udang dan plankton yang mati selama masa budidaya berlangsung di tambak. Hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas air seiring lama waktu dalam siklus budidaya dan menginisiasi munculnya kelompok algae berbahaya (Harmful Algae Blooms/HABs) seperti Oscillatoria. Berdasarkan hal tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitas air Tambak Budidaya Udang Intensif di Situbondo berdasarkan parameter fisika-kimia dan struktur komunitas plankton sebagai gambaran profil ekosistem tambak, selanjutnya dianalisis model interaksi dinamika populasi Oscillatoria dengan variabel lingkungannya untuk mempelajari variabel-variabel yang berpengaruh. Selanjutnya diuji berbagai konsentrasi nitrat dan fosfat penyebab ledakan populasi Oscillatoria di Laboratorium. Metode penelitian dilakukan dalam tiga tahap. Pada tahap pertama diamati profil ekosistem tambak budidaya udang Situbondo yang meliputi kualitas air dan struktur komunitas plankton selama empat siklus budidaya berdasarkan data sekunder dari Laboratorium Situbondo. Data kualitas air dianalisis deskriptif. Data komposisi plankton dianalisis kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman jenis berdasarkan INP, indeks keanekaragaman (H’) Shannon-Wiener, dan indeks biotik TDI untuk mengevaluasi status trofik perairan. Dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis cluster dan biplot PCA Program PAST Ver. 3.1.1 untuk mengetahui parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap kualitas air tambak. Pada tahap kedua dilakukan penentuan model interaksi dinamika popolasi Oscillatoria dengan variabelvariabel lingkungan berdasarkan hasil pengamatan pada tahap pertama dilanjutkan dengan analisis pemodelan struktural menggunakan aplikasi smartPLS Ver. 2.0. Pada tahap ketiga dilakukan eksperimen di laboratorium untuk menganalisis konsentrasi nitrat dan fosfat yang dapat mencegah ledakan populasi Oscillatoria dan dianalisis ragam menggunakan Oneway Anova Program SPSS for windows release 16 untuk mengevaluasi laju pertumbuhan intrinsik (r) dan daya dukung lingkungan (K) yang dapat menekan pertumbuhan Oscillatoria. Hasil tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai dasar tindakan pencegahan untuk rekomendasi pengelolaan tambak udang melalui manipulasi habitat dengan pengaturan jumlah pakan udang sebagai sumber nutrien guna menjamin kualitas dan produktivitas udang di tambak. Hasil pemantauan menunjukkan bahwa parameter alkalinitas, TOM, dan nitrit air tambak budidaya udang intensif Situbondo tidak sesuai dengan nilai ambang batas baku mutunya. Struktur komunitas plankton menunjukkan Cyanobacteria berpotensi menurunkan kualitas air tambak dan Genus Oscillatoria memiliki densitas tertinggi selama ix siklus budidaya. Berdasarkan indeks biotik TDI, kualitas air pada tambak udang termasuk kategori eutrofik hingga hiper-eutrofik. Analisis model struktural menunjukkan hasil yang valid dengan nilai predictiverelevance (Q2) sebesar 99,29 % dan berdasarkan hasil model akhir PLS tersebut diketahui bahwa profil dinamika Oscillatoria dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh variabel kandungan fosfat air (fosfat terlarut). Variabel fosfat terlarut perairan tersebut secara langsung dipengaruhi variabel iklim (musim) dan faktor kimia air (TOM). Artinya apabila proses budidaya dilakukan pada musim kemarau dan nilai TOM semakin tinggi maka dapat menyebabkan peningkatan kandungan fosfat terlarut. Tingginya kandungan fosfat terlarut secara langsung dapat menyebabkan peningkatan densitas populasi Oscillatoria. Pola pertumbuhan Oscillatoria di laboratorium dengan variasi nitrat dan fosfat memiliki kecenderungan hampir sama hingga hari ke-10, namun setelah hari tersebut pada masing-masing kombinasi nitrat dan fosfat yang berbeda menunjukkan respon yang berbeda pula. Nilai laju pertumbuhan dan kelimpahan maksimum yang dapat didukung media secara bermakna dipengaruhi oleh kadar fosfat dan interaksi kadar nitrat dan fosfat secara bersama-sama. Kelimpahan maksimum sel Oscillatoria yang mampu didukung media yaitu pada kadar nitrat rendah ataupun tinggi dengan kombinasi perlakuan penambahan kadar fosfat lebih dari 0,2 mg.L-1. Perlakuan penambahan kadar fosfat 0,8 mg.L-1 dapat menyebabkan laju pertumbuhan sel Oscillatoria maksimum. Selain itu, kualitas air media pertumbuhan alami telah mampu mendukung pertumbuhan Oscillatoria di laboratorium. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka sistem peringatan dini (early warning system) untuk pengendalian ledakan populasi Oscillatoria dapat dilakukan dengan menjaga kadar fosfat terlarut tidak melebihi dari nilai yang sudah ditentukan di atas. Apabila hasil monitoring kualitas air telah menunjukkan kadar fosfat terlarut mendekati ketentuan di atas, maka perlu dilakukan manipulasi habitat melalui pengurangan hingga penghentian pemberian pakan sementara waktu tertentu agar performa kualitas air kolam budidaya selalu dalam kondisi yang optimal untuk pertumbuhan udang.
English Abstract
The implementation of intensive shrimp farming is not guarantee for succesful continuous production. An intensive shrimp farming in Situbondo Regency ponds through application of artificial feeding in an amount and a certain dose during the enlargement shrimp causes increasing in organic waste. Sources of organic waste is residual feed, feces and dead shrimp in ponds. This can cause a decreasing of water quality over time in the culture cycle and initiate the Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs) such as Oscillatoria. Based on these, the objectives of the research to evaluation the water quality in ponds intensive shrimp farming in Situbondo based on physico-chemical parameters and structure of plankton communities, analyzed the interaction model between Oscillatoria population dynamics with environmental variables, and to determined the concentrations of nitrate and phosphate which can prevent the blooming of Oscillatoria. Research was divided into three stages. In the first stage, we observed ecosystem profile of Situbondo shrimp farming pond which included observation of water quality and plankton community structure during four cycles of culture based on secondary data from the Laboratory of Situbondo and climate data collection is made up of data of precipitation from Highways Agency and Irrigation Situbondo. Furthermore, the differences of water quality data was analyzed descriptively. Plankton composition and abundance were used to determined the important value index (IVI), Shannon-Wienner diversity index (H'), and Trophic Diatom Index (TDI). Some parameters that affect the quality of pond water were analyzed by cluster analysis and biplot PCA using PAST Ver. 3.1.1. In the second stage we analyzed the interaction between Oscillatoria population dynamics and environment variables from the observations in the first stage using the structural equational model analysis that was done by SmartPLS application Ver. 2.0. At the third stage, we do laboratory research experiment to determine the concentration of nitrate and phosphate that can prevent the blooming of Oscillatoria. The data from this experiment then analyzed by using Oneway Anova analysis SPSS Ver. 16 to determine the intrinsic growth rate (r) and carrying capacity (K) that is optimum for the growth of Oscillatoria. Furthermore, these results then used as a preventive management recommendations for shrimp habitat manipulation by regulation the concentration of shrimp feed as a source of nutrients to ensure the quality and productivity of shrimp in ponds. The result of monitoring showed that parameter of alkalinity, TOM, and nitrite of water in intensive shrimp pond culture of Situbondo had exceeded the threshold value of standard water quality of shrimp maintenance in the pond. Monitoring of the plankton community structure shows that the presence of Cyanobacteria group has the potential to reduce the quality of pond waters. Genus Oscillatoria has the highest density during the shrimp culture cycle. In addition, based on the results of TDI biotic index analysis, it was be known that water quality in shrimp ponds is categorized as eutrophic to hyper-eutrophic water. xi In the second stage, structural equational model analysis showed a valid result with predictive-relevance (Q2) value of 99,29%. Based on that model, the dynamic profile Oscillatoria was influenced by water phosphate variable (dissolved phosphate) directly. Dissolved phosphate water variable is directly influenced by climate variable (season) and water chemical factor (TOM). It means that if the process of cultivation done in the dry season and TOM value is high then it caused increased dissolved phosphate content. The high content of dissolved phosphate can directly cause an increase in population density Oscillatoria. Furthermore, the results of the third stage of research showed the growth pattern Oscillatoria had a similar trend until day 10, but after that on each different nitrate and phosphate combination showed different responses. The highest growth rate and carrying capacity of Oscillatoria significantly affected by phosphate levels and the interaction of nitrate and phosphate levels. Maximum abundance of Oscillatoria was found in the media with low or high nitrate concentration be combined with low phosphate (0,2 mg.L-1). Concentration phosphate 0,8 mg.L-1 can cause the maximum growth rate of Oscillatoria. In addition, natural water of growth media which come from intensive shrimp farming in Situbondo Regency has been able to support the growth of Oscillatoria. Based on the result, an early warning system for the control of the population explosion Oscillatoria can be done by preserving the dissolved phosphate level so as not exceeding the value specified above. If water quality monitoring results have shown dissolved phosphate levels come near to the above provisions, it is necessary to find the habitat manipulation through reduction to the cessation of feeding for a certain time so that the water quality performance of the cultivated pond is always in optimal condition for shrimp growth.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | TES/579.39/ALI/m/2017/041705511 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | OSCILLATORIA, NITRATE, PHOSPHATE, SHRIMP CULTURE, INDONESIA - SITUBONDO |
| Subjects: | 500 Natural sciences and mathematics > 579 Natural history of microorganisms, fungi, algae > 579.3 Prokaryotes > 579.35 Gram-positive cocci > 579.353 Staphylococcus > 579.39 Cyanobacteria and Prochlorales |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Biologi, Fakultas MIPA |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 26 Jul 2017 02:46 |
| Last Modified: | 14 Dec 2020 11:51 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/632 |
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