Optimasi Ekstraksi Nano Kalsium Tulang Ikan Kakap Merah (Lutjanus Sp.) Menggunakan Pelarut HCl dengan Metode Sonikasi (Kajian Amplitudo dan Waktu Ekstraksi)

Azizah, Aura Faradiba Maulida and STP. M.Si, Dr. Dodyk Pranowo and STP. M.Si, Ph.D, Hendrix Yulis Setyawan (2023) Optimasi Ekstraksi Nano Kalsium Tulang Ikan Kakap Merah (Lutjanus Sp.) Menggunakan Pelarut HCl dengan Metode Sonikasi (Kajian Amplitudo dan Waktu Ekstraksi). Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Ikan kakap merah (Lutjanus sp.) digunakan dalam industri fillet ikan. Proporsi tulang ikan mencapai 12,4% dari total bobot ikan. Tulang ikan kakap merah mengandung kadar kalsium cukup tinggi yaitu mencapai 43.48%. Tingkat kebutuhan untuk orang dewasa membutuhkan 800-1000 mg/hari. Kalsium umumnya tersedia dalam bentuk mikro yang tidak terserap secara optimal dalam metabolisme tubuh. Upaya pengoptimalan penyerapan kalsium dalam tubuh yaitu memperkecil ke bentuk nano yang berukuran 1-1000 nm. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis kondisi optimum proses ekstraksi nano kalsium tulang ikan kakap merah menggunakan pelarut HCl dengan metode sonikasi agar menghasilkan sifat fisiko-kimia yang optimal. Analisis data untuk memperoleh perlakuan paling optimum menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan rancangan Central Composite Design (CCD) berbantukan software Design Expert 13. Optimasi ekstraksi sonikasi nano kalsium tulang ikan kakap merah dilakukan menggunakan variasi amplitudo (20%, 40%, dan 60%) dan lama waktu ekstraksi (10 menit, 20 menit, dan 30 menit). Respon penelitian terdiri dari rendemen, ukuran partikel, dan kadar kalsium. Hasil paling optimal dilakukan pengujian proksimat (kadar air, kadar lemak, kadar protein, dan kadar abu) serta derajat putih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan penggunaan persen amplitudo dan waktu ekstraksi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap peningkatan rendemen dan kadar kalsium serta penurunan ukuran partikel. Pada titik tertentu menunjukkan penurunan hasil rendemen dan kadar kalsium serta berkurangnya keefektivitasan pengecilan ukuran partikel karena titik kesetimbangan pelarut telah mencapai. Kondisi optimal penelitian ini yaitu pada perlakuan 44% amplitudo dan waktu esktraksi 23 menit merupakan kondisi optimal (desirability 0.857) untuk menghasilkan nano kalsium tulang ikan kakap merah dengan rendemen sebesar 76,8%, ukuran partikel sebesar 200,84 nm, dan kadar kalsium 48,46%. Hasil verifikasi menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 70,49%, ukuran partikel sebesar 223,4 nm, dan kadar kalsium sebesar 46,43%. Karakterisasi hasil optimasi menghasilkan kadar air sebesar 2,82%, kadar abu sebesar 88,65%, kadar lemak sebesar 0,36%, kadar protein sebesar 4.37%, dan derajat putih sebesar 93,99%. Nano kalsium komersial memiliki kadar kalsium sebesar 38,72% dengan ukuran partikel sebesar 629,4 nm dan derajat putih sebesar 91,34%. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut terkait prospek bisnis dan aplikasi nano kalsium dalam bidang farmasetika.

English Abstract

Red snapper (Lutjanus sp.) belongs to the type of fish that is widely used in the fish fillet industry. The proportion of fish bones reaches 12.4% of the total weight of the fish. Red snapper bones contain a fairly high calcium content, reaching 43.4839%. The level of need for adults requires 800-1000 mg/day. Calcium is generally available in microforms that are not optimally absorbed in the body's metabolism. Efforts to optimize calcium absorption in the body are to reduce the size of calcium into nano-form measuring 1-1000 nm. The purpose of this study is to analyze the optimum conditions of the red snapper bone nano calcium extraction process using HCl solvent by sonication method in order to produce optimal physico-chemical properties. Data analysis to obtain the most optimal treatment using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) design assisted by Design Expert 13 software. Optimization of sonication of red snapper bone nano calcium was performed using variations in amplitude (20%, 40%, and 60%) and length of extraction time (10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 min). The research response consisted of amendment, particle size, and calcium levels. The most optimal results were carried out proximate testing (water content, fat content, protein content, and ash content) as well as white degree values. The results showed that the increase in the use of percent amplitude and extraction time had a significant effect on increasing yield and calcium levels as well as decreasing particle size. At some point it shows a decrease in yield yields and calcium levels as well as a reduced effectiveness of particle size reduction because the solvent equilibrium point has reached. The optimal conditions of this study, namely at the treatment of 44% amplitude and extraction time of 23 minutes, were optimal conditions (desirability 0.857) to produce nano calcium red snapper bones with a yield of 76.8%, particle size of 200.84 nm, and calcium levels of 48.46%. The verification results resulted in an amendment of 70.49%, a particle size of 223.4 nm, and a calcium content of 46.43%. Characterization of optimization results resulted in a water content of 2.82%, ash content of 88.65%, fat content of 0.36%, protein content of 4.37%, and a white degree of 93.99%. Commercial nano calcium has a calcium content of 38.72% with a particle size of 629.4 nm and a white degree of 91.34%.Further research is needed related to the business prospects and application of nano calcium in the field of pharmaceutics.

Item Type: Thesis (Sarjana)
Identification Number: 0523100016
Uncontrolled Keywords: Ikan kakap merah, Nano kalsium, Sonikasi, Nano calcium, Red Snapper, Sonication
Subjects: 300 Social sciences > 338 Production > 338.1 Agriculture > 338.16 Production efficiency
Divisions: Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian > Teknologi Industri Pertanian
Depositing User: soegeng sugeng
Date Deposited: 16 May 2023 02:38
Last Modified: 16 May 2023 02:38
URI: http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/199643
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