Bioaktivitas Ekstrak Tumbuhan Milkwort Polygala paniculata L. terhadap Hama Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Padang, Dermawan Saut Rejeki (2021) Bioaktivitas Ekstrak Tumbuhan Milkwort Polygala paniculata L. terhadap Hama Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Polygala paniculata L. (Polygalaceae) atau milkwort merupakan salah satu tumbuhan invasif yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem akibat dominansinya yang agresif. Milkwort mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin dan steroid. Berdasarkan kandungan tersebut, milkwort berpotensi sebagai pestisida nabati. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa senyawa flavonoid dapat merusak pencernaan hama ulat grayak Spodoptera litura. Senyawa saponin mampu menyebabkan iritasi pada kulit dan merusak spirakel sehingga mengganggu sistem pernapasan serta menimbulkan kelemahan pada sistem saraf serangga. Selain itu, senyawa tanin diketahui dapat menghambat aktivitas makan serangga. Pada bulan Maret 2019, muncul permasalahan baru di Indonesia berupa invasi ulat grayak jagung Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith atau fall armyworm (FAW). Hama FAW merupakan serangga asal Amerika Latin yang mampu menyebabkan kehilangan hasil pada jagung sebesar 72%. Penggunaan pestisida sintetis yang tidak bijaksana dalam pengendalian FAW akan berbahaya bagi kesehatan lingkungan, terutama dampaknya terhadap keanekaragaman hayati. Pemanfaatan sumber tumbuhan liar sebagai pestisida nabati saat ini dibutuhkan karena tidak berbahaya bagi organisme nontarget dan tidak mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bioaktivitas ekstrak tumbuhan milkwort (ETM) sebagai pestisida nabati terhadap FAW. Penelitian ini akan menjadi landasan pertama dalam pemanfaatan milkwort di bidang pertanian Indonesia. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Hama 2 dan Laboratorium Toksikologi Pestisida, Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang pada bulan April sampai Juni 2021. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan enam perlakuan yaitu konsentrasi 0%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15% dan 18% yang diulang sebanyak empat kali. Teknik ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Variabel pengamatan meliputi penurunan aktivitas makan larva, mortalitas larva serta keberhasilan membentuk pupa dan imago. Data yang diperoleh dilakukan analisis ragam pada taraf kesalahan 5% menggunakan Microsoft Excel 2016. Apabila terdapat perbedaan antar perlakuan maka dilakukan uji lanjut dengan Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ETM pada konsentrasi yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan aktivitas makan larva dan keberhasilan pembentukan pupa serta imago, tetapi tidak dengan mortalitas larva. Aplikasi ETM dengan metode celup pakan mampu menurunkan aktivitas makan larva FAW hingga mencapai 71,29%. ETM bekerja dengan perlahan sehingga mortalitas larva yang terjadi rendah. ETM juga dapat menekan pembentukan pupa dan imago sampai 95%. Tumbuhan milkwort dapat dijadikan sebagai pestisida nabati alternatif dalam pengendalian hama FAW karena senyawa metabolit sekunder dalam ETM mampu menghambat perkembangan FAW secara nyata.

English Abstract

Polygala paniculata L. (Polygalaceae) or milkwort is one of the invasive plants that can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem due to its aggressive dominance. Milkwort contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and steroids. Based on these compounds, milkwort is potential as a biopesticide. Previous research has shown that flavonoid compounds can damage the digestion of the armyworm Spodoptera litura. Saponin compounds are able to irritate the skin and damage the spiracles so that it interferes the respiratory system and causes weakness in the insect nervous system. In addition, tannin compounds are known to inhibit insect feeding activity. In March 2019, a new case emerged in Indonesia, that was an invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith or fall armyworm (FAW). FAW is a native insect of Latin America which can cause yield loss in maize by 72%. Currently, FAW control still focuses on the use of synthetic pesticide applications. The unwise of synthetic pesticides use will be harmful to environmental health, especially its impact on biodiversity. Utilization of wild plant as source of biological pesticides is currently needed because it is not harmful to nontarget organisms and does not pollute the environment. This study aims to examine the bioactivity of milkwort plant extract (ETM) as a biopesticide against FAW. This research will be the first basis in the utilization of milkwort in Indonesian agriculture. This research was carried out in Plant Pest Laboratory 2 and Toxicology Pesticides Laboratory, Plant Pests and Diseases Department, Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya University from April until June 2021. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with six treatments, namely concentrations of 0%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15% and 18% which were repeated 4 times. The extraction technique used the maceration method with 70% ethanol as a solvent. Observation variables included a decreased feeding activity of larvae, larval mortality and the success of forming pupae and imago. The data obtained was analyzed with analysis of variance at 5% of error level using Microsoft Excel 2016. If there were differences between treatments, a further test was carried out with Honest Significant Difference. Based on the result of this research, ETM at different concentrations had a significant effect on decreased larval feeding activity and the success of pupa and imago formation, but not with larval mortality. The application of ETM with the dipping method was able to reduce the feeding activity of FAW larvae up to 71.29%. ETM worked slowly so that larval mortality is low. ETM can also suppress the formation of pupae and imago up to 95%. The milkwort plant can be used as an alternative biological pesticide in order to control FAW pests because its secondary metabolite compounds on ETM were able to significantly inhibit the development of FAW.

Item Type:	Thesis (Sarjana)
Identification Number:	0521040203
Subjects:	600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 632 Plant injuries, diseases, pests > 632.6 Animal pests
Divisions:	Fakultas Pertanian > Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman
Depositing User:	agung
Date Deposited:	18 Jul 2022 04:36
Last Modified:	03 Oct 2024 06:53
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/192184

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