Tirajoh, Siska (2014) Evaluasi Nilai Nutrisi Pokem (Setaria italica sp) sebagai Bahan Pakan Alternatif dan Implikasinya terhadap Penampilan Produksi Ayam Pedaging. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Pokem ( Setaria italica sp) atau Papua foxtail millet merupakan tanaman pangan lokal sejenis serealia yang banyak tumbuh di wilayah dataran rendah lahan kering Kabupaten Biak Numfor terutama di Pulau Numfor. Penggunaan dan pemanfaatan pokem ( Setaria italica sp) sebagai bahan pangan kaya karbohidrat selain keladi dan talas telah lama dilakukan masyarakat, sementara juga membuka peluang yang cukup besar dalam hal penggunaan pokem sebagai alternatif bahan pakan. Penggunaan pokem ( Setaria italica sp) sebagai bahan pakan alternatif pengganti sebagian jagung dalam pakan ayam pedaging dan implikasinya belum dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) untuk mengetahui dan mengevaluasi kandungan nutrien pokem ( Setaria italica sp) yaitu BK, Abu, PK, SK, LK dan GE, Ca, P, β -Karoten, Asam Amino, NDF, ADF, kerapatan jenis serta kandungan antinutrisi; 2) mengetahui dan mengevaluasi nilai kecernaan PK, SK, retensi N, ketersediaan Ca, P, dan nilai EM, dari pokem ( Setaria italica sp) sebagai bahan pakan alternatif dalam pakan ayam pedaging; 3) memperoleh level penggunaan pokem ( Setaria italica sp) yang tepat sebagai bahan pakan alternatif pengganti sebagian jagung dalam pakan ayam pedaging dan mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap penampilan produksi ayam pedaging, untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian tersebut dilakukan beberapa tahapan penelitian. Penelitian Tahap I dilakukan untuk menganalisis kandungan nutrien dan mengevaluasi 2 (dua) jenis pokem yaitu pokem kuning dan pokem merah yaitu BK, Abu, PK, SK, LK dan GE, Asam Amino, Ca, P, β -Karoten, NDF, ADF, kerapatan jenis dan kandungan antinutrisi. Analisis kimia dilakukan terhadap kandungan nutrien pada dua jenis pokem tersebut. Penelitian tahap II bertujuan : Uji biologis untuk mendapatkan nilai kecernaan bahan pakan dan energi metabolis semu pokem, dilakukan terhadap 24 ekor ayam pedaging jantan strain Cobb umur 6 minggu di alokasikan secara acak ke dalam 4 perlakuan yaitu (i). P 0 = Pakan basal (100 %); (ii). P 1 = Pakan basal 90 % + 10 % Pokem ; (iii). P 2 = Pakan basal 80 % + 20 % Pokem; (iv). P 3 = Pakan basal 70 % + 30 % Pokem. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode total koleksi ekskreta. Variabel yang diamati yaitu kecernaan protein kasar, serat kasar, retensi nitrogen, ketersediaan kalsium dan fosfor, nilai energy metabolis yaitu energi metabolis semu ( AME ), energi metabolis semu terkoreksi nitrogen ( AMEn ), serta aktivitas enzim protease, lipase dan amilase pada digesta usus halus ayam pedaging. Penelitian tahap III dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh level penggunaan pokem ( Setaria italica sp) sebagai bahan pakan alternatif pengganti sebagian jagung dalam pakan dan implikasinya terhadap penampilan produksi ayam pedaging sampai umur 5 minggu untuk mendapat level optimal. Sebanyak 250 ekor DOC ( day old chicken ) strain Lohmann dialokasikan secara acak kedalam lima perlakuan yaitu : 1) P 0 = Pakan basal (kontrol/tanpa pokem dimana jagung digunakan 60 % dalam pakan); 2) P 1 = Pakan basal dimana jagung diganti pokem 2,5 %; P 2 = Pakan basal dimana jagung diganti pokem 5 %; P 3 = Pakan basal dimana jagung diganti pokem 7,5 %; P 4 = Pakan basal dimana jagung diganti pokem 10 %. Pada akhir penelitian, 50 ekor ayam pedaging dari masing-masing perlakuan diambil secara acak dan dipotong, 25 ekor diambil untuk memperoleh data organ-organ dalam, kualitas karkas dan kualitas daging, sedangkan 25 ekor lagi untuk sampel profil darah (hemoglobin/Hb, jumlah eritrosit, glukosa darah dan trigliserida). Hasil penelitian Tahap I terhadap 2 (dua) jenis pokem kuning dan pokem merah menunjukkan bahwa kandungan BK (88,37 vs 87,12 %); Abu (0,86 vs 1,97 %); PK (12,07 vs 10,32 %); SK (1,93 vs 15,79 %); LK (2,76 vs 0,41 %); Gross energy (4171,61 vs 4289,26 Kkal/kg); BETN (85,09 vs 60,60 %); Karbohidrat (84,31 vs 73,69 %); ADF (5,02 vs 52,03 %); NDF (27,24 vs 69,98 %); Ca (1,25 vs 0,71 %); P (0,18 vs 0,33 %). Secara keseluruhan hasil analisis kimia terhadap 2 jenis pokem mempunyai kandungan nutrien yang hampir sama kecuali untuk nilai serat kasar pokem merah lebih tinggi dibandingkan pokem kuning. Total asam amino(10,85 vs 9,42 %), asam amino isoleusin, leusin, lisin, fenilalanin, valin dan asam glutamik lebih tinggi pada pokem kuning dibandingkan pokem merah masing-masing yaitu 0,47 vs 0,41 % ; 1,51 vs 1,20 %; 3,83 vs 0,29 % ; 0,56 vs 0,54 % ; 0,60 vs 0,52 % ; dan 1,79 vs 1,72 %. Kerapatan jenis pokem kuning sebesar 838,5 g/l; kandungan β -karoten sebesar 5,41 ug/100g; dan kandungan antinutrisi fitat dan tanin yaitu 3,07 % dan 0,01 %. Hasil penelitian Tahap II untuk uji biologis menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pokem 10 %, 20 % dan 30 % dalam pakan memberikan pengaruh yang tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap nilai kecernaan protein kasar, serat kasar, retensi nitrogen, ketersediaan kalsium dan fosfor, namun secara nyata (P<0,05) meningkatkan aktivitas enzim amilase pada digesta usus halus ayam pedaging dan nilai energi metabolis semu, energi metabolis semu terkoreksi nitrogen sampai level 20 % dalam pakan (P 2 ). Hasil uji in vivo , penelitian tahap III menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pokem sebesar 10 % (P 4 ) sebagai bahan pakan pengganti sebagian jagung secara nyata (P<0,05) meningkatkan persentase karkas, deposisi daging dada, warna daging dada (a*/ redness ) dan sangat nyata (P<0,01) meningkatkan keempukan daging dada dan IOFC , namun memberikan pengaruh yang tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap konsumsi pakan, bobot badan akhir, pertambahan bobot badan, konversi pakan, indeks produksi, organ dalam, kualitas daging dada (kadar air, WHC , warna daging dada L*/ lightness dan b*/ yellowness ) dan profil darah (hemoglobin, jumlah eritrosit, glukosa darah, dan trigliserida). Berdasarkan rangkaian beberapa tahapan penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan 1) jenis pokem kuning lebih berpotensi untuk dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif bahan pakan unggas, 2) berdasarkan uji biologis diperoleh rataan nilai energi metabolis semu ( AME ) pokem sebesar 3.263 Kkal/kg, dan rataan nilai energi metabolis semu terkoreksi nitrogen ( AMEn ) pokem sebesar 3.139 Kkal/kg, 3) Hasil uji in vivo menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan level 10 % pokem (Setaria italica sp) sebagai pengganti sebagian jagung dalam pakan merupakan perlakuan terbaik.
English Abstract
Papua foxtail millet ( Setaria italica sp) is a local plants, a kind of cereal crops, which widely grown in low-land areas of dry land around Biak Numfor District, Especially in Numfor island. Papua foxtail millet has been used as an alternative carbohydrate rich food that has long been consumed by locally. Meanwhile, the goverment policy extensively encourage cultivation of Papua foxtail millet also opens opportunity of its utilization for alternative feed ingredients. The urgency of this study is because there are still no information in utilization and implication of Papua foxtail millet as alternative ingredients in order to partially replace corn in broiler feed. The purposes of study were: (1) to both determine and evaluate Papua foxtail millet nutritional content that is dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, gross energy, Ca, P, β -Carotene, amino acids, NDF, ADF, density, and anti-nutrient content; (2) to both determine and evaluate the digestibility values of CP, CF, Nretention, Ca, P, and ME value from Papua foxtail millet as an alternative feed ingredient in broiler feed; and (3) to obtain the proper level Papua foxtail millet use as an alternative feed ingredients in order to partially replace corn in broiler feed and determine its effect on broiler production performance. Preliminary research was conducted to analyze, evaluate, and inform the comparison of two types Papua foxtail millet value, namely yellow and red Papua foxtail millet, on the value of the content of nutrients Papua foxtail millet (DM, Ash, Crude Fiber, CP, CF, GE, Amino acids, Ca, P, β -Carotene, NDF, ADF, density, and the types of anti-nutrient). Base on chemical analysis of the contents then would be able to select Papua foxtail millet preferable for poultry feed ingredients. Stage I experiment was done using biological test against 24 male broilers ( Cobb strain , 6 weeks old) that randomly allocated into 4 treatments, namely: (i) P 0 = Basal feed (100 %); (ii). P 1 = Basal feed 90 % + 10 % Papua foxtail millet; (iii). P 2 = Basal feed 80 % + 20 % Papua foxtail millet; (iv). P 3 = Basal feed 70 % + 30 % Papua foxtail millet. Method used was total excreta collection. Variables measured were: (1) protein digestibility; (2) crude fiber digestibility; (3) nitrogen retention; (4) both calcium and phosphor availabilities; (5) Metabolizable Energy values that consisted of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) and Apparent Metabolizable Energy Corrected by Nitrogen (AMEn); and (6) Enzyme activities. Stage II experiment was done in order to find Papua foxtail millet level to replace corn in feed and its implication in broiler production performances until 5 weeks old. Two hundred and fifty day old chicken (DOC) Lohmann strain were randomly allocated into five treatments that were: (1) P 0 = Basal feed (control/ 60 % of corn used in feed); (2) P 1 = Basal Feed where corn was substituted by Papua foxtail millet of 2.5 %; (3) P 2 = Basal Feed where corn was substituted by Papua foxtail millet of 5 %; (4) P 3 = Basal Feed where corn was substituted by Papua foxtail millet of 7.5 %; (5) P 4 = Basal Feed where corn was substituted by Papua foxtail millet of 10 %. At the end of experiment, a total of 25 broilers were randomly taken (1 of each unit) and cut to obtain data from their organs, carcass quality, and meat quality. While other 25 broilers were underwent blood sample and analyzed for haemoglobin, erythrocytes, glukose and triglycerides. Stage I, showed that the respective nutritional content of yellow and red Papua foxtail millet were: (i) DM (88.37 vs 87.12 %); (ii) Ash (0.86 vs 1.97 %); (iii) CP (12.07 vs 10.32 %); (iv) Crude Fiber (1.93 vs 15.79 %); (v) ether extract (2.76 vs 0.41 %); (vi) Gross energy (4,171.61 vs 4,289.26 Kcal/kg); (vii) BETN (85.09 vs 60.60 %); (viii) Carbohydrate (84.31 vs 73.69 %); (ix) ADF (5.02 vs 52.03 %); (x) NDF (27.24 vs 69.98 %); (xi) Ca (1.25 vs 0.71 %); and (xii) P (0.18 vs 0.33 %). Overall the results of chemical analyzes of the two types of Papua foxtail millet have about the same nutrient contents. Total amino acids of yellow and red Papua foxtail millet of while isoleusine, leusine, lysine, phenilalanine, valine and glutamic acid, cystine and leucine were higher in yellow Papua foxtail millet. Yellow Papua foxtail millet were also has several profiles, as follows: (1) density 838.5 g/l; (2) β -carotene 5.41 μg/100g; (3) anti-nutrition known as phytate (3.07 %) and tannin (0.01 %). Stage II from biological test results, the application of 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % of Papua foxtail millet into feed did not show significant effect (P>0.05) in digestibilities value of CP, Crude Fiber, nitrogen retention, calcium and phosphorus availabilities and activities of both protease and lipase. Contrary, it showed significant effect (P<0.05) on amylase enzyme activity and AME and AMEn values for 20 % Papua foxtail millet in feed. Stage III in vivo test results showed that 10 % Papua foxtail millet (P 4 ) as corn replacement in feed significantly improved (P<0.05) carcass percentage, breast meat deposition, breast meat color (a*) and also high significantly increased breast meat tenderness and IOFC. However, the treatments showed no significant different (P>0.05) in feed consumption, final body weight, feed conversion, production index, visceral weight, breast meat quality (water content, WHC, and both of breast meat color L* and b*), and also blood profile (haemoglobin, erythrocytes, glukose and triglyceride). It can be concluded that: (1) yellow Papua foxtail millet has high potentiality to be used as alternative broiler feed ingredients; (2) Papua foxtail millet has average AME 3,263 Kcal/kg and AMEn 3,139 Kcal/kg based on biological test; (3) Based on in vivo test, the application of 10 % Papua foxtail millet as corn replacement in broiler feed showed the best results.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DES/636.5/TIR/e/061406977 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 636 Animal husbandry > 636.5 Chickens and other kinds of domestic birds |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Ilmu Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan |
| Depositing User: | Endro Setyobudi |
| Date Deposited: | 05 Nov 2014 11:01 |
| Last Modified: | 05 Nov 2014 11:01 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/161086 |
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