-, Fajriyana (2017) Optimasi Pemucatan (Bleaching) Minyak Hasil Samping Penepungan Ikan Lemuru (Sardinella sp.) menggunakan Adsorben Zeolit, Bentonit dan Arang aktif. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Ikan lemuru merupakan komoditi perikanan yang cukup dominan sehingga menjadi komoditas yang cukup banyak dieksplorasi seiring dengan perkembangan industri pengolahan ikan seperti penepungan ikan. Prinsip pengolahan tepung ikan adalah penghancuran sel-sel dan pemisahan bagian yang tidak larut, air dan minyak serta menggiling tepung yang masih kasa sampai halus. Salah satu dampak negatif dari industri penepungan ikan adalah hasil samping berupa limbah cair dari hasil pengepresan ikan yang berupa minyak ikan yang tercampur dengan komposisi pigmen, darah, lendir ikan serta senyawa pengotor lainnya. Limbah tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan kembali apabila mengalami proses pengolahan lebih lanjut. Tujuan pemurnian minyak ikan hasil samping penepungan ikan lemuru adalah untuk menghilangkan pengotor seperti senyawa non trigiliserida, warna dan bau serta senyawa beracun. Metode yang digunakan terdiri dari tahap degumming (memisahkan fosfolipid), netralisasi (menghilangkan asam lemak bebas) dan bleaching (untuk menyerap kontaminan dan pigmen). Proses optimasi dilakukan dengan Respon Surface Methodology (RSM) menggunakan rancangan komposit terpusat dengan software Design Expert 7.15. Adsorben yang digunakan terdapat 3 macam yaitu zeolit, bentonit dan arang aktif. Faktor yang di teliti untuk masing-masing adsorben pada penelitian ini adalah suhu (50, 70, 90 °C) sebagai variabel X1, konsentrasi adsorben (5, 10 dan 15 %) sebagai variabel X2 dan waktu (10, 20, dan 30) menit) X3. Respon yang dioptimasi adalah kecerahan dan kejernihan (λ 515) untuk masing-masing adsorben. Melalui ketiga variabel tersebut, ditentukan nilai tiap level dan dibuat desain untuk penentuan kondisi optimum untuk kemudian data diverifikasi antara hasil prediksi dan hasil penelitian menggunakan ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) dengan tingkat signifikansi 5%. Minyak dari kondisi optimum masing-masing adsorben kemudian di karakterisasi secara lengkap dan dilakukan penentuan perlakuan adsorben terbaik dengan metode Multiple Atribute Zeleny. Titik optimum pada tiap adsorben menunjukkan zeolit optimum pada suhu 74,05°C, konsentrasi adsorben 3,16 % dan waktu kontak 11,36 menit, bentonit optimum pada suhu 76,21°C, konsentrasi adsorben 11,01 % dan waktu kontak 21,50 menit, sedangkan arang aktif optimum pada suhu 61,78°C, konsentrasi adsorben 6 % dan waktu kontak 16,29 menit. Hasil analisis Zeleny menunjukkan adsorben terpilih adalah zeolit yang menunjukkan bahwa model untuk respon kejernihan dan kecerahan adalah model kuadratik. Namun, respon yang digunakan hanya kecerahan karena memiliki model yang signifikan dan lack of fit yang tidak signifikan, sedangkan pada respon kejernihan memiliki model dan lack of fit yang signifikan. Kondisi optimum (zeolit) menghasilkan rendemen 92,78 %, kadar air tidak terdeteksi, asam lemak bebas 3,68 % oleat, bilangan asam 5,47 mgNaOH/kg, bilangan p-anisidin 4,19 mek/kg, bilangan peroksida 16,68 mek/kg, bilangan total oksidasi 29,17 mek/kg dan EPA sebesar 25,79% sedangkan DHA tidak terdeteksi.
English Abstract
Lemuru is a dominant fishery commodity has become explored along with the development of fishery processing industry such as fishmeal. The principle of making fish meal is the destruction of the cells and the separation of the insoluble, water and oil, also grind the flour which is still rough. One of the negative effects of the fishmeal industry is the by-products of liquid waste from the fishmeal processing that comes from the outcome fish oil of pressing fish contain with pigments, blood, fish mucus and other impurities. The waste can be recovered if it undergoes into processing. The purpose of purifying fish oil by-products of lemuru fishmeal processing is to remove impurities such as non triglyceride compounds, color and odor as well as toxic compounds. The method used consists of degumming steps (separating phospholipids), neutralization (removing free fatty acids and lower acidity of oil) and bleaching (to absorb contaminants and pigments). The optimization process is done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with central composite design (Design Expert 7.15 software). There are three kind of adsorbent used (zeolite, bentonite and activated charcoal). The factors that were observed for each of the adsorbents in this study were temperature (50, 70, 90 °C) as X1 variable, adsorbent concentration (5, 10 and 15%) as X2 variable and contact time (10, 20, and 30 minutes) as X3 variable. The optimized response were lightness and clarity (λ 515) for each of the adsorbents. Through the three variables, it was determined the value of each level and made the design for optimum condition of determination, then the data verified between the prediction results and the results of the study using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with 5% level of significance. The oil from the optimum condition of each adsorbent was then fully characterized and the best adsorbent treatment was determined by Multiple Atribute Zeleny method. Optimum point of zeolite was at temperature 74,05°C, adsorbent concentration 3,16% and contact time 11,36 minutes, optimum point of bentonite was at 76,21°C, 11,01% adsorbent concentration and time Contact 21,50 minutes, while the optimum point of activated charcoal was at temperature of 61,78°C, 6% adsorbent concentration and contact time 16,29 minutes. The results of the Zeleny analysis showed that the selected adsorbent was zeolite indicating that the model for clarity and lightness response was quadratic model. However, the respons used are only brightness because it has significant models and lack of fit was not significant, while the clarity response has a significant lack of fit. the optimum condition has yield 92,78%, water content wasnot detected in all samples, free fatty acid 3,68%, acid value 5,47 mgNaOH/kg, p-anisidin value 4,19 meq/kg, peroxide value 16,68 meq/kg, total oxidation value 37,55 meq/kg, EPA 25,79 % and DHA content was not detected in all samples.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Sarjana) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | SKR/FTP/2017/545/051709394 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Adsorben, Bleaching, Minyak Ikan, Pemurnian |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 639 Hunting, fishing & conservation > 639.9 Conservation of biological resources > 639.97 Specific kinds of animals > 639.977 45 Sardines conservation technology |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian > Teknologi Hasil Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Budi Wahyono Wahyono |
| Date Deposited: | 11 Oct 2017 06:51 |
| Last Modified: | 06 Jan 2022 05:37 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/3591 |
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