Zakiah, - (2017) Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Pegagan (Centella Asiatica) Terhadapekspresi Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase1/2 Dan Protein Ki-67 Pada Larva Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Model Stunting Dengan Induksi Rotenon. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Stunting merupakan kondisi kegagalan mencapai pertumbuhan linear yang ditandai dengan panjang badan per umur (PB/U) atau tinggi badan per umur (TB/U) kurang dari -2 standar deviasi berdasarkan standar pertumbuhan World Health Organization. Prevalensi stunting di dunia tahun 2010 mencapai 171 juta anak dibawah 5 tahun dan Indonesia penyumbang ke 5 terbesar di dunia. Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013 menunjukkan prevalensi stunting nasional meningkat mencapai 37,2% pada tahun 2013 dibanding tahun 2010 (35,6%) dan 2007 (36,8%). Stunting memerlukan perhatian cukup besar karena berdampak pada penurunan fungsi kognitif, neurodevelopmental, produktivitas, motorik dan resiko penyakit hingga kematian. Malnutrisi dan pajanan pestisisda merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab stunting. Rotenon merupakan salah satu model pestisida yang memiliki aksi menghambat kompleks 1 mitokondria, menyebabkan terganggunya proses fosforilasi oksidatif yang berakibat menurunnya sintesis Adenosin Triphospate (ATP), peningkatan jumlah ROS (Reactive Oxygen Spesies) dan memicu kondisi stress oksidatif. Stress oksidatif dapat menghambat proses signaliing IGF-1 dan reseptornya menyebabkan terganggunya aktivasi sinyal tranduksi melalui jalur ERK 1/ 2. ERK 1/2 merupakan protein kinase yang memiliki peran penting dalam proses proliferasi dan diferensiasi Selain itu stress oksidatif juga berpengaruh terhadap disfungsi kromosomal DNA. Protein Ki-67 merupakan protein non histon yang bertindak sebagai protein yang dibutuhkan untuk menyusun kompartemen lapisan kromosomal. Ketiadaan protein Ki-67 akan berdampak pada hasil pembelahan sel yaitu memiliki bentuk inti yang lebih kecil dari normal dan memiliki susunan yang berbeda. Hal ini menyebabkan masalah pada kemampuan anak sel dalam mensintesis protein dan meningkatkan kematian sel secara spontan saat akan masuk fase mitosis selanjutnya dan pada gilirannya akan mengubah aktivitas gen dalam sel. Stress oksidatif dapat diturunkan dengan antioksidan. Pegagan (Centella asiatica) merupakan tanaman yang mengandung bahan aktif triterpene dan mampu memberikan efek sebagai antioksidan, antiinflmasi serta mengandung makronutrien, mikronutrien, vitamin dan mineral yang diperlukan untuk menunjang proses tumbuh kembang. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu pemberian rotenon konsentrasi 10 pbb dapat menurunkan panjang badan larva zebrafish namun hasilnya belum optimal. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh konsentrasi rotenon sebesar 12,5 pbb yang dapat membuat model stunting. Selain itu dengan pemberian pegagan pada larva zebrafish model stunting dapat meningkatkan panjang badan melalui peningkatan ekspresi BDNF dan penurunan ekspresi Hsp60 serta Bax. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol pegagan melalui ekspresi ERK 1/2 dan protein Ki-67 pada larva zebrafish model stunting yang diinduksi rotenon. Metode penelitian dengan eksperimental dengan desain post test only control group design, menggunakan hewan coba zebrafish sebanyak 300 embrio yang terbagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok rotenon, kelompok perlakuan konsentrasi pegagan 1,25 μg/ml, 2,5 μg/ml dan 5 μg/ml. Paparan rotenon maupun pegagan dilakukan sejak 2 - 72 hpf (hour post fertilization). Pertumbuhan panjang badan diamati dan diukur dengan image raster 3.0 pada usia 3,6,dan 9 dpf (day post fertilization). Evaluasi ekspresi ERK 1/2 dan protein Ki-67 menggunakan immunohistochemistry wholemount dengan pewarnaan DAB pada 9 dpf. Hasil densitas warna coklat dikuantifikasi dengan nilai integrated density dalam satuan pixel pada software image J 1.50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan larva zebrafish yang diinduksi rotenon, pada usia 3 dpf(analog usia bayi baru lahir) tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata panjang badan secara signifikan pada semua kelompok. Sedangkan pada usia 6 dpf (analog usia anak 2 tahun) dan 9 dpf (analog usia anak 8 tahun) terdapat selisih rerata panjang badan > 2 SD pada kelompok rotenon dan berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok kontrol. semua kelompok memiliki rasio panjang kepala dan badan yaitu 1:5 pada usia 3,6, 9 dpf sehingga memenuhi criteria stunting. Pemberian ekstrak pegagan ketiga konsentrasi tidak dapat meningkatkan panjang badan larva zebrafish pada usia 3 dpf. Pada kelompok rotenon+pegagan konsentrasi 1,25 μg/ml tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata panjang badan secara signifkan dengan kelompok rotenon. Sedangkan pada pegagan konsentrasi 2,5 μg/ml dan 5 μg/ml terdapat perbedaan signifikan dengan kelompok rotenon pada usia 6 dan 9 dpf. Ekspresi ERK 1/2 dan protein Ki-67 pada kelompok rotenon mengalami penurunan signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Ekspresi ERK 1/2 dan protein Ki-67 meningkat signifikan pada pemberian rotenon+pegagan konsentrasi 2,5 μg/ml dan 5 μg/ml. Korelasi person product moment menunjukkan hubungan positif sangat kuat antara konsentrasi pegagan dengan ekspresi ERK 1/2 (0,869) dan hubungan positif kuat pada ekspresi protein Ki-67 (0,951). Korelasi antara ekspresi ERK 1/2 (0,964) dan protein Ki-67 (0,555) dengan panjang badan memiliki korelasi positif dan kuat. Hubungan antara ekspresi ERK 1/2 dan protein Ki-67 menunjukkan korelasi positif dan sangat kuat (0,891) Kondisi stunting pada larva zebrafish akibat paparan rotenon sesuai dengan criteria stunting yaitu memiliki panjang badan> 2 standar deviasi pada usia 6 dpf hingga 9 dpf analog dengan usia bayi baru lahir dan anak usia 8 tahun dan memiliki ukuran panjang kepala dan badan proporsional. Pemberian ekstrak pegagan mampu meningkatkan panjang badan karena kandungan senyawa aktif triterpene yang mengandung antioksidan tinggi mampu menurunkan stress oksidatif dan inflamasi kronis. Didukung kandungan nutrisinya yang essensial untuk memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi larva zebrafish. Penurunan stress oksidatif dapat mengembalikan fungsi mitokondria seperti semula sebagai tempat pembentukan ATP utama yang akan berdampak pada aktivasi cascade ERK 1/2 dan protein Ki-67 untuk sel dapat berproliferasi dan berdiferensiasi sehingga dapat menunjang proses pertumbuhan linear. Dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pemberian rotenon 12,5 ppb mampu menginduksi terjadinya stunting pada larva zebrafish dan pemberian ekstrak etanol pegagan pada larva zebrafish model stunting dapat menyebabkan penambahan panjang badan melalui peningkatan ekspresi ERK 1/2 dan protein Ki-67.
English Abstract
Stunting is the impaired growth or failure to reach ideal growth characterized by body’s length and height for age which is less than -2 standard deviation based on the World Health Organization growth standard. In 2010, the world stunting prevalence was 171 million of children under 5 years, while Indonesia is the 5th in the world. Basic health research showed that national stunting prevalence in 2013 raised 37,5% from 2010 (35,6%) and 2007 (36,8%). Therefore this phenomenon needs considerable attention due to its impact on reducing cognitive function, neurodevelopmental, motoric productivity, risk of the disease and death. In addition malnutrition and pesticide exposure cause stunting. In this case rotenon represents pesticide exposure than inhibit mitocondria complex 1 which is led to the disruption of oxidative phosporylation. This disruption then causes the decreased of Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the raise of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Spesies) number and led to oxidative stress. This kind of stress can inhibit signaling process of IGF-1 while its receptor disrupt the activation of signal transducer through ERK 1/2. ERK 1/2 is a protein kinase and it has important role in proliferation process. Besides, it also affects DNA chromosome abnormality. Meanwhile the Ki-67 protein is a kind non histon which act as necessary protein to construct a compartment of chromosomal layer. The absence of the Ki-67 protein impact on the result of cell division which has a smaller nucleus form than a normal one and it also has different construction. This differences then causes the daughter cell in synthesizing proteins, increasing cell death spontanously as it come into mitosis phase as well as changing genes activity in the cell. However, oxidative stress can be reduced by using antioxidant. Pegagan leaves (Centella asiatica) is a plant that contain of triterpenes and it can play a role as antioxidant and anti-inflammation. It also contains of necessary macronutrient, micronutrient, vitamint and mineral to support growth process. Based on previous research, rotenon 10 pbb decreased the body length of zebrafish larvae but still not more than 2 SD . This research showed that rotenone 12,5 pbb which can induced stunting growth. Besides, the administration of pegagan to zebrafish larvae stunting model could increase the body length through the increasing of BDNF expression, reducing Hsp60 expression as well as Bax. Therefore this research aims at investigating the effect of giving pegagan (Centella asiatica) Ethanol Extract through Expression of Extracellular signal- Regulated Kinase 1/2 and the Ki-67 Protein on zabrafish stunting model by rotenone induction. We research was experimental study by using post test only control group design. Used 300 zebrafish embryos which divided into 5 groups; they were control group, rotenone, treatment of concentration group of 1,25 μg/ml, 2,5 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml. Rotenone and pegagan exposure has ben done since 2-72 hpf (hour post fertilization). Body length was observed and measured by image raster 3.0 at 3,6 and 9 dpf, while in expression of ERK 1/2 and the Ki-67 protein. We used immunohistochemistry wholemount by DAB stained at 9 dpf. The result of brown color was quantified by integrated density using software image J 1.50 by pixel unit. The result showed that there was no significantly differences for zebrafish larvae at 3 dpf (equal to new born baby) in all groups. Meanwhile at 6 dpf (equal to 2 years old) and 9 dpf (equal to at 8 years old), there were using differences of body’s length > 2 SD in rotenon group. All of the compare to control group had head and body’s length ratio 1:5 at 3, 6, 9 dpf which its fulfill for stunting criteria. Pegagan (Centella asiatica) extract didnot increased the length of 3 dpf of zebrafish larvae. In the rotenone+pegagan group, the administration of pegagan with 1,25 μg/ml of concentration, there was no significantly difference of Body’s length compared to rotenon group. While pegagan 2,5 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml there were significant difference compared to rotenon of 6 and 9 dpf. The expression of ERK 1/2 and the Ki-67 protein in rotenon group significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the administration of rotenon + pegagan 2,5 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml on the expression of ERK 1/2 and the Ki-67 protein significanly increased. Person product moment showed a very strong and positive correllation between pegagan concentration and the expression of ERK 1/2 (0,964) and very strong positive correlation on the expression of the Ki-67 protein (0,951). Meanwhile, the expression of ERK 1/2 (0,635) and the Ki-67 protein (0,555) to body’s length had positive and strong correlation. Correlation between ERK 1/2 and Ki-67 protein showed a very strong and positive correlation (0,891). The effect of rotenone exposure on zebrafish larvae stunting condition was in accordance with stunting criteria which has body length more than 2 standard deviation in 6 – 9 dpf compared to new baby born, 8 years of age (middle childhood), and having proportional of body and head length. The administration of pegagan extract was then able to increased body length due to triterpene active compound content. This triterpene active compound content has high antioxidant which is able to reducing oxidative stress as well as chronic inflammation. In addition it was also supported by its essential nutrition to meet the nutrient need of zebrafish larvae. Also the decreased of oxidative stress can restore the function of mitochondria as the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which impact on activation cascade of ERK 1/2 and the protein of Ki-67. This activation helps the cell can do proliferation and differentiation to support linear growth process. Hence, it can be concluded that the giving of rotenone with 12,5 ppb was able to induce the stunting occurence on zabrafish larvae. While also the giving Pegagan (Centella asiatica) Ethanol Extract on stunting model of zabrafish larvae contributed to add its body’s length through Expression of Extracellular signal- Regulated Kinase 1/2 and the Ki-67 protein.
Other obstract
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Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
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Identification Number: | TES/615.323 64/WUL/p/2017/041708997 |
Uncontrolled Keywords: | UMBELLIFERAL, ROTENONE, ZEBRA DANIO, KINASES |
Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 615 Pharmacology and therapeutics > 615.3 Organics drugs > 615.32 Drugs derived from plants and mikroorganisms > 615.323 64 Drugs derived from specific plants (Capparales) |
Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Kebidanan, Fakultas Kedokteran |
Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
Date Deposited: | 03 Oct 2017 06:29 |
Last Modified: | 26 Nov 2021 02:58 |
URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/3183 |
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