Lestari, Fenti Wahyu and Zulfaidah Penata Gama, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D and Prof. Amin Setyo Leksoso, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D. (2024) Pengaruh Bioinsektisida dan Insektisida Kimia Terhadap Keanekaragaman Arthropoda Pada Pertanian Padi dengan Menggunakan Visual Encounter Assessment di Ketindan. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Arthropoda merupakan organisme yang terbagi menjadi dua kelompok utama, yaitu arthropoda herbivora (hama) dan arthropoda karnivora. Arthropoda karnivora ini meliputi predator dan parasitoid, yang berperan sebagai musuh alami bagi arthropoda herbivora. Kestabilan ekosistem digambarkan dari kestabilan populasi arthropoda perusak atau hama dengan musuh alaminya. Sementara itu, penanganan hama saat ini masih banyak menggunakan insektisida kimia yang dapat menyebabkan masalah pencemaran lingkungan, ledakan hama, resistensi, resurgensi hama, dan terbunuhnya musuh alami. Saat ini dikembangkan bioinsektisida untuk mengurangi penggunaan insektisida kimia. Studi terbaru peneliti menunjukkan bahwa bioinsektisida dari daun binahong (Anredera cordifollia Ten.) dan kulit bawang merah (Allium cepa L.) dapat memberikan pengaruh toksik terhadap hama target walang sangit (Leptocorisa oratorius F.) serta mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berperan sebagai racun perut, racun pernafasan, racun syaraf, dan racun kontak. Berdasarkan studi, penelitian mengenai pengaruh komposisi bioinsektisida tersebut terhadap keanekaragaman arthropoda di pertanian padi belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman arthropoda pertanaman padi, mengukur tingkat kerusakan tanaman akibat serangan hama pada pertanaman padi dengan aplikasi bioinsektisida, insektisida kimia, dan kontrol tanpa intervensi pestisida serta menganalisis tingkat penggunaan dan pengetahuan petani mengenai pestisida di Ketindan. Pengamatan arthropoda dilakukan dengan metode visual encounter assessment pada hamparan sawah dengan aplikasi insektisida kimia, bioinsektisida, dan kontrol tanpa intervensi pestisida kemudian dilakukan pengamatan arthropoda, intensitas serangan, dan pengamatan faktor abiotik lingkungan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan perhitungan Taxa Richness (TR), Shannon Diversity Index (H'), Simpson Diversity Index (1-D), Evenness (E), dan Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) kemudian dilakukan uji Tukey's post hoc untuk membandingkan signifikansi rata-rata keanekaragaman sampling site dengan significance level of ρ ≤0.05 menggunakan IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26) software.ix Analisis korelasi pengamatan arthropoda di lokasi pertanian dengan faktor abiotik dilakukan dengan menggunakan Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) Paleontological Statistics (PAST) software. Sementara itu, analisis tingkat penggunaan dan pengetahuan petani mengenai pestisida di Ketindan dilakukan melalui teknik wawancara semi-terstruktur, dokumentasi dan kuesioner kepada petani di Ketindan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indeks keanekaragaman Shannon Wienner arthropoda paling tinggi ditemukan di lahan pertanian kontrol (4,03b ± 0,57), berikutnya pertanian bioinsektisida (3,71b ± 0,56), dan pertanian insektisida kimia (3,06a ± 0,26). Nilai taxa richness paling tinggi ditemukan di lahan pertanian kontrol (21,50c ± 2,99), berikutnya pertanian bioinsektisida (19,00b ± 1,70), dan pertanian insektisida kimia (15,10a ± 0.74). Nilai evenness arthropoda paling tinggi ditemukan di lahan pertanian kontrol (0,91b ± 0,09), berikutnya pertanian bioinsektisida (0,87ab ± 0,11), dan pertanian insektisida kimia (0,78a ± 0,06). Indeks dominansi paling tinggi ditemukan di lahan pertanian insektisida kimia (0,16b ± 0,04), berikutnya pertanian bioinsektisida (0,09a ± 0,06), dan pertanian kontrol (0,08a ± 0,06). Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) dengan nilai tertinggi ditemukan pada Oxya hyla, Monomorium minimum, Caryanda spuria, dan Atractomorpha crenulate. Nilai intensitas serangan paling tinggi ditemukan di lahan pertanian kontrol (19,95b ± 8,64) berikutnya pertanian bioinsektisida (15,35ab ± 6,40) dan pertanian insektisida kimia (11,7a ± 4,64) dengan kategori serangan ringan hingga sedang. Kondisi abiotik lahan pertanian pagi hari pukul 06.00 memiliki suhu rata-rata 22,40°C; kelembaban 79,52%; intensitas cahaya 26532,11 lux; dan kecepatan angin 5,10 km/jam. Sementara itu pada siang hari pukul 12.00 memiliki suhu rata-rata 31,20 °C; kelembaban 53,10%; intensitas cahaya 87271,03 lux; dan kecepatan angin 12,13 km/jam. Lahan dengan aplikasi bioinsektisida, insektisida kimia, dan kontrol memiliki persentase ordo tertinggi yaitu ordo Orthoptera dan Coleoptera. Sementara itu, famili dengan persentase tertinggi adalah Acrididae dan Coccinellidae. Petani di Ketindan banyak menggunakan kombinasi antara insektisida kimia dan nabati (45,2%), namun masih ada petani yang menggunakan insektisida kimia (35,5%). Pengetahuan tentang pengendalian hama dengan menggunakan bioinsektisida (87,1%) petani mengetahui dan sedikit mengetahui (12,9%), secara keseluruhan petani mengetahui namun memiliki tingkat mengetahui yang berbeda. Praktik pertanian diharapkan dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan bioinsektisida ramah lingkungan yang dapat menjadi salah satu langkah penting untuk mengurangi penggunaan insektisida kimia dan mempertahankan keanekaragaman ekosistem di lingkungan
English Abstract
Arthropods are organisms that are divided into two main groups, namely herbivorous arthropods (pests) and carnivorous arthropods. These carnivorous arthropods include predators and parasitoids, which act as natural enemies of herbivorous arthropods. Ecosystem stability is described from the stability of the population of destructive arthropods or pests with their natural enemies. Meanwhile, current pest control still uses a lot of chemical insecticides which can cause environmental pollution problems, pest explosions, resistance, pest resurgence, and the killing of natural enemies. Bioinsecticides are currently being developed to reduce the use of chemical insecticides. Recent studies have shown that bioinsecticides from binahong leaves (Anredera cordifollia Ten.) and red onion skins (Allium cepa L.) can have a toxic effect on the target pest, the brown planthopper (Leptocorisa oratorius F.) and contain secondary metabolite compounds that act as stomach poisons, respiratory poisons, nerve poisons, and contact poisons. Based on the study, research on the effect of the composition of bioinsecticides on the diversity of arthropods in rice farming has never been reported. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the diversity of arthropods in rice plants, measure the level of plant damage due to pest attacks on rice plants with the application of bioinsecticides, chemical insecticides, and controls without pesticide intervention and analyze the level of use and knowledge of farmers about pesticides in Ketindan. Arthropod observations were carried out using the visual encounter method in rice fields with the application of chemical insecticides, bioinsecticides, and controls without pesticide intervention, then observations of arthropods, attack intensity, and observations of environmental abiotic factors were carried out. Data analysis was carried out by calculating Taxa Richness (TR), Shannon Diversity Index (H'), Simpson Diversity Index (1-D), Evenness (E), and Important Value Index (INP) then Tukey's post hoc test was carried out to compare the significance of the average diversity of sampling sites with a significance level of ρ ≤0.05 using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26) software. Correlation analysis of arthropod observations in agricultural locations with abiotic factors was carried out using Canonicalxi Correspondence Analysis (CCA) Paleontological Statistics (PAST) software. Meanwhile, analysis of the level of use and knowledge of farmers regarding pesticides in Ketindan was carried out through semi-structured interview techniques, documentation and questionnaires to farmers in Ketindan. The results showed that the highest Shannon Wienner diversity index of arthropods was found in control agricultural land (4,03b ± 0.57), followed by bioinsecticide agriculture (3.71b ± 0.56), and chemical insecticide agriculture (3.06a ± 0.26). The highest taxa richness value was found in control agricultural land (21.50c ± 2.99), followed by bioinsecticide agriculture (19.00b ± 1.70), and chemical insecticide agriculture (15.10a ± 0.74). The highest arthropod evenness value was found in the control agricultural land (0.91b ± 0.09), followed by bioinsecticide agriculture (0.87ab ± 0.11), and chemical insecticide agriculture (0.78a ± 0.06). The highest dominance index was found in the chemical insecticide agricultural land (0.16b ± 0.04), followed by bioinsecticide agriculture (0.09a ± 0.06), and control agriculture (0.08a ± 0.06). The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) values were found in Oxya hyla (green grasshopper), Monomorium minimum (ants), Caryanda spuria (patterned grasshopper), and Atractomorpha crenulate (steamed grasshopper). The highest attack intensity value was found in control agricultural land (19.95b ± 8.64) followed by bioinsecticide agriculture (15.35ab ± 6.40) and chemical insecticide agriculture (11.7a ± 4.64) with mild to moderate attack categories. The abiotic conditions of agricultural land in the morning at 06.00 AM had an average temperature of 22.40°C; humidity 79.52%; light intensity 26532.11 lux; and wind speed 5.10 km/hour. Meanwhile, during the day at 12.00 PM had an average temperature of 31.20 °C; humidity 53.10%; light intensity 87271.03 lux; and wind speed 12.13 km/hour. Land with bioinsecticide, chemical insecticide, and control applications had the highest percentage of orders, namely the Orthoptera and Coleoptera orders. Meanwhile, the families with the highest percentages are Acrididae and Coccinellidae. Farmers in Ketindan often use a combination of chemical and botanical insecticides (45.2), but there are still farmers who use chemical insecticides (35.5). Knowledge of pest control using bioinsecticides, 87.1% of farmers know and 12.9% know a little, overall farmers know but have different levels of knowledge. The hope for agriculture in the future is that the development of bioinsecticides can be an important step to reduce the use of chemical insecticides and increase farmer awareness of environmentally friendly ag
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0424090072 |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Biologi, Fakultas MIPA |
| Depositing User: | Unnamed user with username nova |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Jan 2025 02:20 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Jan 2025 02:20 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/235298 |
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