Perlindungan Data Sipil Dalam Serangan Siber Notpetya Rusia Terhadap Ukraina Selama Situasi Konflik Bersenjata Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Gustia, Vina and Ikaningtyas, S.H., LL.M. and Yasniar Rachmawati Madjid, S.H., M.H. (2024) Perlindungan Data Sipil Dalam Serangan Siber Notpetya Rusia Terhadap Ukraina Selama Situasi Konflik Bersenjata Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Pada penelitian ini diketahui terdapat ketidakjelasan dalam pengaturan terkait implementasi Hukum Humaniter Internasional terhadap cyber warfare yang menggunakan cyber attack yang menargetkan data sipil dalam pengoperasiannya. Penelitian ini mengangkat salah satu kasus cyber attack yang dilakukan oleh Rusia terhadap Ukraina, yaitu NotPetya. Serangan siber tersebut diketahui menargetkan data sipil sebagai sasaran yang mana perlindungannya belum diatur jelas oleh Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Penelitian ini menganalisis terkait penerapan perlindungan terhadap data sipil dalam serangan siber NotPetya yang dilakukan oleh Rusia terhadap Ukraina selama situasi konflik bersenjata internasional yang sedang berlangsung berdasarkan Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Berdasarkan hal yang melatarbelakangi tersebut, maka penelitian ini merumuskan dua rumusan masalah, yaitu: (1) Bagaimana perlindungan data sipil dalam operasi siber selama konflik bersenjata jika ditinjau menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional? dan (2) Apakah Hukum Humaniter Internasional yang ada dapat memberikan perlindungan terhadap data sipil pada kasus NotPetya? Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian normatif dengan metode pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach), pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach), dan pendekatan kasus (case approach). Penulis memperoleh bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier melalui studi kepustakaan dan dianalisis menggunakan teknik deskripstif analitis dengan menentukan isi dan makna dari bahan hukum seperti konvensi internasional berserta protokol tambahannya, kebiasaan hukum internasional, dan pendapat para ahli. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dengan metode di atas, penulis memperoleh jawaban terkait status data dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional bahwa terdapat pandangan berbeda dari para ahli maupun praktik negara dalam menganggap data sebagai objek. Namun, dalam konteks cyber warfare selama konflik bersenjata, meskipun data dikatakan bukan objek, objek dalam serangan siber dinilai berdasarkan konsekuensi kekerasan serangan yang berdampak pada infrastuktur sipil fisik. Konsekuensi tersebut dinilai dengan model pendekatan effect-based approach melalui kriteria Schmitt, dan apabila suatu serangan memenuhi kriteria maka serangan siber tersebut dikatakan selevel attack dan harus tunduk dibawah prinsip-prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Dikaitkan dengan kasus yang diangkat, berdasarkan analisis penulis, serangan siber NotPetya merupakan serangan siber selevel attack, sehingga seharusnya dalam pengoperasiannya harus menerapkan aturan yang berlaku. Namun, berdasarkan analisis, Rusia telah melanggar prinsip pembedaan, prinsip proporsionalitas, dan larangan serangan indiskriminasi dengan menargetkan objek infrastruktur sipil penting milik Ukraina sehingga menyebabkan kerugian sangat besar bagi penduduk sipil bahkan kerusakan menyebar ke seluruh dunia.

English Abstract

In this research, it is known that there is a lack of clarity in the regulation related to the implementation of International Humanitarian Law on cyber warfare that uses cyber attacks that target civilian data in its operation. This research raises one of the cyber attack cases carried out by Russia against Ukraine, namely NotPetya. The cyber attack is known to target civilian data as a target whose protection has not been clearly regulated by International Humanitarian Law. This research analyzes the application of protection to civilian data in the NotPetya cyber attack carried out by Russia against Ukraine during an ongoing international armed conflict situation based on International Humanitarian Law. Based on this background, this research formulates two problem formulations, namely: (1) How is the protection of civilian data in cyber operations during armed conflict when viewed according to Internasional Humanitarian Law? And (2) Can existing International Humanitarian Law provide protection for civilian data in the NotPetya case?. The author uses normative research method with statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The author obtained primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials through literature studies and analyzed using analytical descriptive techniques by determining the content and meaning of legal materials such as international conventions and their additional protocols, customary international law, and expert opinions. Based on the results of research using the methods above, the author obtained answers related to the status of data in International Humanitarian Law that there are different views from experts and state practices in considering data as objects. However, in the context of cyber warfare during armed conflict, although data is said not to be an object, objects in cyber attacks are assessed based on the violent consequences of attacks that impact physical civilian infrastructure. These consequences are assessed with an effect-based approach model through the Schmitt criteria, and if an attack meets the criteria then the cyber attack is said to be a level attack and must be subject to the principles of International Humanitarian Law. In relation to the case raised, based on the author's analysis, the NotPetya cyberattack is a level attack cyberattack, so its operation should apply the applicable rules. However, based on the analysis, Russia has violated the principle of distinction, the principle of proportionality, and the prohibition of indiscriminate attacks by targeting important civilian infrastructure objects belonging to Ukraine, causing enormous losses to the civilian population and even damage spread throughout the world.

Item Type:	Thesis (Sarjana)
Identification Number:	052401
Divisions:	Fakultas Hukum > Ilmu Hukum
Depositing User:	Unnamed user with username nova
Date Deposited:	17 Dec 2024 02:18
Last Modified:	17 Dec 2024 02:18
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/229597

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