Model Pengembangan Minimum Layanan Zona Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kota Malang

Putra, Indra Purnama and Prof. Amin Setyo Leksono, S.Si., M.Si., Ph.D and Dr. Ir.Rita Parmawati, SP., ME., IPU., Asean.Eng (2024) Model Pengembangan Minimum Layanan Zona Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kota Malang. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Banyaknya penurunan kualitas lingkungan permukiman perkotaan disebabkan oleh peningkatan masalah lingkungan, terutama pada areal terbangun dan memiliki banyak populasi seperti di pusat perkotaan. Beberapa masalah lingkungan saat ini perlu diatasi dengan pertimbangan pengembangan lingkungan kota yang sehat dan berkelanjutan. Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) erat kaitannya dengan pengembangan tersebut karena RTH memiliki berbagai manfaat diantaranya adalah manfaat ekologis / lingkungan, sosial budaya dan ekonomi. Pemerintah diberbagai belahan dunia telah menyadari akan pentingnya RTH terutama pada kota dengan kepadatan tinggi membuat berbagai model pengembangan seperti Concrete Jungle di Hongkong dan Garden City di Singapura. Berdasarkan beberapa penelitian, diketahui manfaat RTH memiliki kecenderungan semakin besar terhadap penduduk yang mudah menjangkaunya. Pemerintah Indonesia juga telah menyadari akan pentingnya RTH, oleh karenanya, mengeluarkan berbagai regulasi diantaranya yang terbaru adalah Peraturan Menteri Agraria dan Tata Ruang / Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional (Permen ATR/BPN) Nomor 14 Tahun 2022 tentang Pedoman Penyediaan dan Pemanfaatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau. Peraturan tersebut salah satunya mengatur terkait jangkauan layanan RTH. Kota Malang sebagai salah satu Pusat Kegiatan Nasional di Provinsi Jawa Timur perkembangannya sangat pesat terutama dengan adanya dukungan banyaknya perguruan tinggi yang menarik berbagai mahasiswa dari berbagai wilayah. Perkembangan pesat berdampak pada peningkatan populasi dan menyebabkan penurunan kualitas lingkungan yaitu peningkatan suhu permukaan. Pemerintah Kota Malang telah melakukan berbagai upaya mewujudkan RTH, salah satunya melalui pemanfaatan tanah aset maupun pengadaan tanah untuk RTH dan selanjutnya melakukan penetapan RTH Publik melalui Surat Keputusan Walikota Malang Nomor 188.45 / 139 / 35.73.112 / 2019 Tanggal 5 April 2019. Berdasarkan data dari Dinas Pekerjaan Umum, Penataan Ruang, Perumahan dan Kawasan Permukiman Kota Malang, RTH Publik tersebut belum menjangkau seluruh permukiman yang ada di Kota Malang. Pemerintah Kota Malang sebagai pelayan publik memiliki tanggung jawab dalam upaya pemerataan layanan RTH. Berkenaan dengan hal tersebut, disaat melakukan perencanaan RTH, Pemerintah Kota Malang perlu mempertimbangkan Model RTH yang berfokus pada layanan terhadap penduduk.Prinsip Kunci dalam Perencanaan RTH Perkotaan. Pada peraturan disebutkan terdapat tiga tipologi RTH yaitu zona RTH, zona lainnya yang berfungsi RTH, dan objek ruang berfungsi RTH. Penelitian memfokuskan pada zona RTH karena memiliki standar radius pelayanan, serta penelitian membatasi pada RTH yang dikelola oleh Pemerintah Kota Malang. Pada peraturan yang sama disebutkan bahwa RTH memiliki berbagai fungsi, dan pada penelitian ini berfokus pada fungsi ekologi/lingkungan dan sosial dalam menyusun model pengembangan. Prinsip kunci perencanaan RTH terdapat tiga jenis yaitu Integrasi, Multifungsi dan Partisipasi yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam penelitian. Lokasi penelitian di Kota Malang yang batasnya berdasarkan Permendagri Nomor 17 Tahun 2012 tentang Batas Wilayah Kabupaten Malang dengan Kota Malang. Metode analisis mendasarkan pada perhitungan menggunakan aplikasi berbasis spasial dan didukung dengan pemberian bobot pada masing-masing lahan atau ruang yang ada di Kota Malang. Menggunakan kalkulasi area pada ArcGIS dan mempertimbangkan kondisi eksisting, zona RTH dikelola Pemerintah Kota Malang hanya ada 2 taman kecamatan dan 4 taman kelurahan. Taman kecamatan teridentifikasi yaitu Taman Malabar di Kecamatan Klojen dan Taman Velodrome di Kecamatan Kedungkandang. Taman kelurahan terdapat di Kelurahan Arjosari, Kelurahan Kiduldalem, Kelurahan Merjosari dan Kelurahan Wonokoyo. Dengan kondisi tersebut, menggunakan tools buffer pada ArcGIS diketahui adanya gap layanan dimana taman kota tidak tercapai, 20,46% penduduk terlayani taman kecamatan, serta 4,33% penduduk terlayani taman kelurahan. Menggunakan analisis jaringan pada ArcGIS, 93,95% penduduk terlayani taman kecamatan, dan 98,82% penduduk terlayani taman kelurahan telah dapat menjangkau taman-taman tersebut secara ideal. Berdasarkan analisa diketahui taman kota, taman kecamatan dan taman kelurahan memiliki sebaran lahan potensial dan cukup potensial yang berbeda serta suatu area tidak terbatas dikembangkan RTH tertentu, menghasilkan beberapa irisan. Sebagian besar lahan masuk kategori cukup potensial seluas 6.783,6 Ha, tidak potensial seluas 2.979,4 Ha dan potensial 498,1 Ha. Areal potensial dikembangkan taman kota, taman kecamatan atau taman kelurahan seluas 222,4 Ha, serta areal potensial dikembangkan taman kota atau taman kelurahan seluas 0,3 Ha. Areal yang hanya potensial dikembangkan satu jenis taman saja seluas 254,4 Ha untuk taman kota, 8,8 Ha untuk taman kecamatan, dan 12,2 Ha untuk taman kelurahan. Sebagian besar areal cukup potensial dapat dikembangkan taman kota, taman kecamatan maupun taman kelurahan seluas 6.783,3 Ha, menyisakan 0,1 Ha ekslusif pada tiap jenis taman. Adanya tumpang tindih areal potensial dan cukup potensial memunculkan kebutuhan pemilihan skenario terbaik yang dapat melayani sebagian besar penduduk maupun keseluruhannya. Hasil dari skenario menunjukkan prioritas utama pengembangan adalah taman kota, kedua adalah taman kecamatan, dan terakhir adalah taman kelurahan. Pemanfaatan lahan potensial secara efisien masih belum dapat melayani seluruh penduduk pada tiap tingkatan taman kecuali pada taman Kecamatan Klojen, Kelurahan Bakalan Krajan, Kelurahan Kiduldalem,dan Kelurahan Tunggulwulung. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, digunakan lahan cukup potensial dengan ditambahkan pertimbangan fungsi ekologis / lingkungan dan sosial budaya dari RTH memanfaatkan metode overlay nilai pada ArcGIS. Model yang dihasilkan menggambarkan tersebarnya taman secara merata, kecuali taman kota yang cenderung berada di sisi tenggara Kota Malang. Hal tersebut terjadi karena kondisi beberapa areal Kota Malang yang telah padat dengan bangunan. Model ini ketika diterapkan akan memberikan kemudahan pada masyarakat untuk mencapainya karena keberadaannya yang relatif dekat dengan permukiman.

English Abstract

Much of the decline in the quality of the urban residential environment is caused by increased environmental problems, especially in built-up areas that have large populations, such as in urban centers. Several current environmental problems need to be addressed by considering the development of a healthy and sustainable urban environment. Green Open Space (GOS) is closely related to this development because GOS has various benefits including ecological/environmental, socio-cultural, and economic benefits. Governments worldwide have realized the importance of green open space, especially in highdensity cities, creating various development models such as Concrete Jungle in Hong Kong and Garden City in Singapore. Based on several studies, it is known that the benefits of GOS tend to be greater for residents who can easily reach it. The Indonesian government has also realized the importance of GOS, therefore, it has issued various regulations, the latest of which is the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency Number 14 of 2022 concerning Guidelines for Providing and Utilizing GOS. One of these regulations regulates the coverage of GOS services. Malang City as one of the National Activity Centers in East Java Province is developing very rapidly, especially with the support of many universities that attract students from various regions. Rapid development has an impact on increasing population and causing a decrease in environmental quality, namely an increase in surface temperature. The Malang City Government has made various efforts to realize GOS, one of which is through utilizing land assets and procuring land for GOS and subsequently establishing Public GOS pace through Malang Mayor Decree Number 188.45 / 139 / 35.73.112 / 2019 dated April 5, 2019. Based on data from the Department of Public Works, Spatial Planning, Housing and Settlement Areas of Malang City, Public GOS has not yet reached all settlements in Malang City. The Malang City Government as a public servant has a responsibility to ensure equal distribution of GOS services. In this regard, when planning GOS, the Malang City Government needs to consider a GOS model that focuses on services to residents. This research is supported by the main literature in Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency Number 14 of 2022 concerning Guidelines for the Provision and Utilization of GOS and Key Principles in Urban GOS Planning. The regulations state that there are three typologies of GOS, namely GOS zones, other zones that function as GOS, and space objects that function as GOS. The research focuses on the GOS zonesxv because it has a standard service radius, and the research limits it to the GOS managed by the Malang City Government. In the same regulation, it is stated that GOS have various functions, and this research focuses on ecological/environmental and social functions in developing development models. There are three key principles for GOS planning, namely Integration, Multifunction, and Participation which were taken into consideration in the research. The research location is in Malang City whose boundaries are based on Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 17 of 2012 concerning the Regional Boundaries of Malang Regency and Malang City. The analysis method is based on calculations using spatial-based applications and is supported by giving weights to each land or space in Malang City. Using area calculations in ArcGIS and considering existing conditions, the GOS zone managed by the Malang City Government only has 2 district parks and 4 subdistrict parks. The identified district parks are Malabar Park in Klojen District and Velodrome Park in Kedungkandang District. Sub-district parks are found in Arjosari sub-district, Kiduldalem sub-district, Merjosari sub-district, and Wonokoyo subdistrict. Under these conditions, using the buffer tools in ArcGIS it was discovered that there was a service gap where city parks were not reached, 20.46% of the population was served by district parks, and 4.33% of residents were served by sub-district parks. Using network analysis in ArcGIS, 93.95% of residents served by district parks, and 98.82% of residents served by sub-district parks have been able to reach these parks ideally. Based on the analysis, it is known that city parks, district parks. and sub-district parks have a different distribution of potential and moderately potential land and an unlimited area is developed for certain GOS, resulting in several sections. Most of the land is categorized as having sufficient potential covering an area of 6,783.6 Ha, not potential covering an area of 2,979.4 Ha and potential 498.1 Ha. The potential area for developing city parks, district parks, or sub-district parks is 222.4 Ha, and the potential area for developing city parks or sub-district parks is 0.3 Ha. The area that only has the potential to develop one type of park is 254.4 Ha for city parks, 8.8 Ha for district parks, and 12.2 Ha for sub-district parks. Most of the area has the potential to be developed as city parks, district parks, and sub-district parks covering an area of 6,783.3 Ha, leaving 0.1 Ha exclusively for each type of park. The overlapping of potential and sufficient potential areas gives rise to the need to select the best scenario that can serve the majority of the population as well as the entire population. The results of the scenario show that the main development priority is city parks, second is district parks, and lastly is sub-district parks. Efficient use of potential land is still not able to serve all residents at each level of the park except for the parks in Klojen District, Bakalan Krajan sub-district, Kiduldalem subdistrict, and Tunggulwulung sub-district. Based on this, land with sufficient potential was used with additional consideration of the ecological/environmental and sociocultural functions of GOS using the value overlay method in ArcGIS. The resulting model depicts an even distribution of parks, except for city parks which tend to be located on the southeast side of Malang City. This happens because the condition of several areas of Malang City are dense with buildings. When implemented, thisxvi model will make it easier for people to reach it because of its relatively close proximity to residential areas.

Item Type:	Thesis (Magister)
Identification Number:	042407
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Zona RTH, Cakupan Layanan RTH, Model Pengembangan RTH
Divisions:	S2/S3 > Magister Arsitektur Lingkungan Binaan, Fakultas Teknik
Depositing User:	Unnamed user with username nova
Date Deposited:	30 Jul 2024 03:19
Last Modified:	30 Jul 2024 03:19
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/225698

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