Putri, Endang Sri Istanti and Prof. Ir. Didik Suprayogo, M.Sc., Ph.D. (2023) Penilaian Kualitas Tanah Akibat Terjadinya Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Kebun Apel menjadi Penggunaan Lahan Lain di Kota Batu. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Kota Batu merupakan salah satu kota sentral buah apel pada tahun 1980-1990, namun pada tahun 1997 produksi buah apel di Kota Batu mengalami penurunan. Penurunan produksi apel di Batu diduga karena penurunan kesuburan tanah akibat pemakaian agrokimia yang berlebihan, pemeliharaan yang kurang optimal akibat naiknya harga sarana produksi, dan sebagian tanaman apel produktivitasnya menurun karena umur tanamanya yang tua. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengevaluasi: a) Kualitas tanah di kebun apel pertumbuhan normal dibandingkan dengan lahan penggunaan hutan, b) Kualitas tanah kebun apel pertumbuhan normal dibandingkan dengan kebun komoditi lain (Apel pertumbuhna abnormal, Jeruk dan Jambu), c) Kualitas tanah kebun apel dibandingkan dengan pengunaan tanaman semusim. Penelitian ini dilakukan di lahan pertanian di Bukit Jengkoang, Hutan Pinus di Coban Talun dan Taman Hutan Rakyat R. Soerjo, Kota Batu, Jawa Timur mulai bulan Agustus 2022 hingga November 2022. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan metode survei dan observasi di lapang di beberapa penggunaan lahan pertanian terpilih dengan jenis tanah ordo Inceptisol. Langkah untuk mencapai tujuan dalam penelitian, pengambilan sampel tanah dilakukan di 10 penggunaan lahan dengan kedalaman tanah 0- 20 cm sebanyak 3 kali pengulangan. Lahan yang digunakan antara lain, hutan campuran TAHURA, hutan produksi PERHUTANI, kebun apel pertumbuhan normal, kebun apel pertumbuhan abnormal, kebun jeruk, kebun jambu , tanaman jagung , tanaman tembakau, tanaman sawi putih dan tanaman kubis. Variabel pengamatan berupa sifat fisika tanah (tekstur tanah, stabilitas agregat tanah, berat isi tanah, berat jenis tanah, porositas tanah, ketahanan penetrasi tanah, laju infiltrasi tanah, dan ketersediaan air tanah), sifat kimia tanah (pH, N-total, P-tersedia, C-Organik, K, Ca, Mg, kapasitas tukar kation dan kejenuhan basa tanah), dan sifat biologi tanah (total populasi cacing tanah). Data yang didapatkan ditabulasi dan dihitung dengan aplikasi Microsoft Excel. Setelah itu dilakukan analisis ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) dengan menggunakan software Genstat 18th, apabila terdapat pengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil) dengan taraf uji 5%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kebun apel pertumbuhan normal bila dibandingkan lahan hutan tidak mengalami degradasi untuk parameter kualitas tanah: berat isi tanah, stabilitas agregat tanah, ketahanan penetrasi tanah, kandungan nitrogen tanah total dan populasi cacing tanah. Kebun apel dengan pertumbuhan normal mengalami degradasi dari aspek parameter penurunan porositas tanah, penurunan infiltrasi tanah, penurunan kapasitas kandungan air tersedia, penurunan pH KCl, penurunan bahan organik tanah, penurunan Ca dapat ditukar, dan penurunan kejenuhan basa tanah. Diduga akibat pemupukan di kebun apel pertumbuhan normal terjadi peningkatan P-tersedia, kalium dapat ditukar dan Mg dapat ditukar dan terjadi peningkatan kapasitas tukar kation dibanding lahan hutan. Penurunan pertumbuhan tanaman apel tidak normal dibanding pertumbuhan tanaman apel terindikasi akibat menurunnya kualitas tanah dengan parameter meningkatnya berat isi tanah, menurunya porositas tanah, peningkatan ketahanan penetrasi tanah, menurunya infiltrasi tanah dan menurunnya bahan organik tanah. Alih fungsi kebun apel menjadi kebun jeruk dan kebun jambu secara umum masih memiliki kualitas tanah yang serupa dengan kebun apel pertumbuhan normal, bahkan di beberapa parameter terjadi peningkatan kualitas tanah terutama parameter pH tanah, Ca�dapat ditukar, Mg-dapat ditukar, KTK, KB, bahan organik tanah dan cacing tanah. Namun untuk parameter fisika tanah yang meliputi berat isi tanah, porositas tanah, ketahanan penetrasi tanah, dan infiltrasi lebih mengalami degradasi. Perubahan penggunaan lahan kebun apel dikonversi menjadi tanaman semusim menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kualitas tanah sebesar 30-50%, dengan peningkatan berat isi tanah, penurunan porositas tanah, stabilitas agregat tanah menurun, ketahanan penetrasi meningkat, infiltrasi tanah menurun, kapasitas penyediaan air tanah menurun. Diduga karena aplikasi pemupukan baik anorganik maupun organik di tanaman semusim lebih tinggi, terjadi peningkatan K-dapat ditukar, Ca-dapat ditukar, dan kejenuhan basa tanah. Populasi cacing tanah kurang memberikan pola yang jelas.
English Abstract
Batu City was one of the central apple cities in 1980-1990, but in 1997 apple production in Batu City decreased. The decline in apple production in Batu is thought to be due to a decrease in soil fertility due to excessive use of agrochemicals, less than optimal maintenance due to rising prices of production facilities, and some apple plants declining productivity due to old age. This study was conducted to evaluated: a) Soil quality in normal growth apple orchards compared to forest land use, b) Soil quality of normal growth apple orchards compared to other commodity orchards (abnormal growth apples, citrus and guavas), c) Soil quality of apple orchards compared to annual crops use. This research was conducted on agricultural land at Bukit Jengkoang, Pine Forest at Coban Talun and R. Soerjo Community Forest Park, Batu City, East Java from August 2022 to November 2022. This research was conducted using survey and field observation methods in selected agricultural land uses with Inceptisol soil order. To achieve the objectives in the study, soil sampling was conducted in 10 land uses with a soil depth of 0- 20 cm for 3 repetitions. The land used included mixed forest of TAHURA, production forest of PERHUTANI, normal growth apple orchard, abnormal growth apple orchard, citrus orchard, guava orchard, corn plant, tobacco plant, chicory plant and cabbage plant. The observation variables were soil physical properties (soil texture, soil aggregate stability, soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil penetration resistance, soil infiltration rate, and soil water availability), soil chemical properties (pH, N-total, P-available, C-Organic, K, Ca, Mg, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) of soil), and soil biological properties (total earthworm population). The data obtained were tabulated and calculated with Microsoft Excel application. After that, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) analysis was carried out using Genstat 18th software, if there was a significant effect, it was continued with the LSD (Least Significant Difference) test at the 5% test level. The results of this study showed that normal-growth apple orchards when compared to forest land were not degraded for soil quality parameters: soil bulk density, soil aggregate stability, soil penetration resistance, total soil nitrogen content, and earthworm population. Normal-growth apple orchards were degraded for the parameters of decreased soil porosity, decreased soil infiltration, decreased available water capacity, decreased KCl pH, decreased soil organic matter, decreased exchangeable Ca, and decreased soil base saturation. It is suspected that due to fertilization in normal-growth apple orchards, there was an increase in available P, exchangeable potassium, and exchangeable Mg and an increase in cation exchange capacity compared to forest land. The decrease in the growth of abnormal apple trees compared to the growth of apple trees is indicated due to the decrease in soil quality with the parameters of increasing soil bulk density, decreasing soil porosity, increasing soil penetration resistance, decreasing soil infiltration, and decreasing soil organic matter. The conversion of apple orchards to citrus orchards and guava orchards in general still has similar soil quality to normal growth apple orchards, even in some parameters there is an increase in soil quality, especially soil pH, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, CEC, BS, soil organic matter and earthworms. However, soil physics parameters including soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil penetration resistance, and infiltration were more degraded. Changes in land use of apple orchards converted to annual crops caused a decrease in soil quality by 30-50%, with an increase in soil bulk density, a decrease in soil porosity, decreased soil aggregate stability, increased penetration resistance, decreased soil infiltration, decreased soil water supply capacity. It is suspected that due to higher application of both inorganic and organic fertilisers in annual crops, there was an increase in exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, and soil base saturation. Earthworm populations were unclear.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Sarjana) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 052404 |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Pertanian > Agroekoteknologi |
| Depositing User: | Unnamed user with username nova |
| Date Deposited: | 20 Sep 2024 05:29 |
| Last Modified: | 20 Sep 2024 05:29 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/224318 |
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