Situmorang, Melani Chysti and Prof. Dr. dr. Nurdiana, M.Kes and dr. Subandi Reksohusodo, Sp.OG (K). (2024) Pengaruh Paparan Sub Akut Mikroplastik Per Inhalasi terhadap Kadar Malondialdehyde (MDA) dan Ketebalan Endometrium Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Strain Wistar Betina. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Sampah plastik menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan, plastik jenis polietilen dan polivinil klorin merupakan plastik yang mudah ditemui di kehidupan sehari-hari karena sering digunakan. Plastik mengalami degradasi menjadi ukuran yang lebih kecil yang disebut mikroplastik. Salah satu sumber eksogen seperti particular matter (PM) dapat menyebabkan menyebabkan reactive oxidative stress (ROS) karena dapat menyebabkan kerusakan mitokondria. Mikroplastik merupakan salah satu sumber particular matter (PM) karena memiliki ukuran yang kecil (< 5 mm). Mikroplastik dapat masuk melalui inhalasi dan berdampak pada tubuh dan menyebabkan terjadinya stres oksidatif. Pada organ uterus dapat menumpuk mikroplastik. Secara alami saat stres oksidatif relatif rendah, faktor transkripsi menginduksi penetralan racun (detoksifikasi) dan enzim antioksidan seperti superoksida dismutase (SOD), katalase (CAT) dan glutathione (GSH) yang berperan melawan reactive oxidative stress (ROS) untuk mencegah dampak dari ROS seperti kerusakan sel. Namun jika respon perlindungan gagal atau tidak mampu mengatasi peningkatan ROS, akan menyebabkan kerusakan oksidatif. Stres oksidatif menyebabkan reactive oxidative stress (ROS) berlebihan sehingga pro-oksidan dan oksidan tidak seimbang dan berdampak pada kerusakan sel dan menyebabkan terjadi perubahan histopatologi dan kinerja organ reproduksi. Malondialdehyde (MDA) digunakan sebagai biomarker stres oksidatif dalam menilai tingkat kerusakan sel atau jaringan. Mikroplastik memiliki kandungan ftalat yang mampu menurunkan konsentrasi estradiol dan berdampak pada ketebalan endometrium. Penelitian ini merupakan true experimental dengan pendekatan randomized post test only control group design. Sampel berjumlah 17 ekor tikus betina dibagi 3 kelompok secara acak dengan kelompok kontrol, kelompok PE (paparan mikroplastik polietilen dosis 15 mg/m3 ) dan kelompok PVC (paparan mikroplastik polivinil clorin dosis 15 mg/m3 ). Perlakuan dilakukan selama 28 hari di Laboratorium Farmakologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya dengan memberikan paparan mikroplastik selama 4 jam/hari menggunakan inhaler chamber dan blower. Kemudian dilakukan pembedahan pada saat fase proestrus dan dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) dengan metode TBARs dan ketebalan endometrium dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin Eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian ditemukan pengaruh signifikan pada kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) dengan nilai signifikansi 0.003 dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc dan hasilnya adalah kelompok PE memiliki perbedaan signifikan antar kelompok. Pada ketebalan endometrium, tidak ditemukan pengaruh signifikan dengan nilai signifikansi 0.884. Mikroplastik PE berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) karena dapat melepaskan senyawa antimoni trioksida yang menyebabkan stres oksdidatif. Selain itu, kadar MDA yang rendah pada paparan mikroplastik PVC disebabkan karena mikroplastik PVC dapat meningkatkan kadar SOD, CAT dan GSH. Sedangkan ketebalan endometrium pada kelompok perlakuan PE dan PVC dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol relatif berkurang, namun perbedaan tersebut tidak mencapai signifikansi statistik antar kelompok (p> 0.05). Ketebalan endometrium dipengaruhi oleh hormon estrogen karena menyebabkan lapisan endometrium yang menyuplai nutrisi ke endometrium. Peningkatan reactive oxidative stress (ROS) berdampak pada fungsi hipotalamus dalam memproduksi FSH sehingga mengganggu folikulogenesis serta mengurangi jumlah folikel antral. Penurunan jumlah folikel antral berdampak pada penurunan jumlah estrogen karena folikel antral merupakan tempat memproduksi hormon estrogen. Diketahui bahwa kandungan ftalat dalam mikroplastik memiliki peran penting dalam ketebalan endometrium karena ftalat dapat mengurangi kadar estradiol yang berdampak pada menipisnya endometrium. Setiap mikroplastik memiliki konsentrasi ftalat yang berbeda berdasarkan perilaku penyerapan ftalat pada jenis mikroplastik tersebut. Mikroplastik jenis polietilen (PE) lebih mudah menyerap ftalat dibandingkan dengan mikroplastik jenis polivinil klorin (PVC). Paparan sub akut mikroplastik per inhalasi mempengaruhi kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) uterus tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) strain wistar betina. Sedangkan paparan sub akut mikroplastik per inhalasi tidak mempengaruhi ketebalan endometrium tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) strain wistar betina. Saran untuk peneliti berikut agar dapat mengamati konsentrasi mikroplastik PE dan PVC yang masuk, biomarker stres oksidatif lain dan kadar estrogen setelah paparan mikroplastik PE dan PVC
English Abstract
Plastic waste causes environmental pollution, polyethylene and polyvinyl chlorine plastics are plastics that are easy to find in everyday life because they are often used. Plastic degrades into smaller sizes called microplastics. One exogenous source such as particular matter (PM) can cause reactive oxidative stress (ROS) because it can cause mitochondrial damage. Microplastics are a source of particular matter (PM) because they are small (< 5 mm). Microplastics can enter through inhalation and impact the body and cause oxidative stress. Microplastics can accumulate in the uterine organs. Naturally, when oxidative stress is relatively low, transcription factors induce the neutralization of toxins (detoxification) and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) which play a role in fighting reactive oxidative stress (ROS) to prevent the impact of ROS such as cell damage. However, if the protective response fails or is unable to overcome the increase in ROS, it will cause oxidative damage. Oxidative stress causes excessive reactive oxidative stress (ROS) so that pro-oxidants and oxidants are unbalanced and have an impact on cell damage and cause histopathological changes and reproductive organ performance. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is used as a biomarker of oxidative stress in assessing the level of cell or tissue damage. Microplastics contain phthalates which can reduce estradiol concentrations and impact endometrial thickness. This research is true experimental with a randomized post test only control group design approach. The sample consisted of 17 female mice divided into 3 groups randomly, namely the control group, the PE group (exposure to polyethylene microplastics at a dose of 15 mg/m3) and the PVC group (exposure to polyvinyl chlorine microplastics at a dose of 15 mg/m3). The treatment was carried out for 28 days at the Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University by providing exposure to microplastics for 4 hours/day using an inhaler chamber and blower. Then surgery was carried out during the proestrus phase and the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were checked using the TBARs method and endometrial thickness with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. The research results found a significant effect on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels with a significance value of 0.003 followed by a Post Hoc test and the result was that the PE group had significant differences between groups. On endometrial thickness, no significant effect was found with a significance value of 0.884. PE microplastics have an effect on increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels because they can release antimony trioxide compounds which cause oxidative stress. In addition, low MDA levels in PVC microplastic exposure are caused by PVC microplastics which can increase SOD, CAT and GSH levels. Meanwhile, the thickness of the endometrium in the PE and PVC treatment groups compared to the control group was relatively reduced, but this difference did not reach statistical significance between groups (p> 0.05). The thickness of the endometrium is influenced by the hormone estrogen because it causes the endometrial lining which supplies nutrients to the endometrium. Increased reactive oxidative stress (ROS) impacts the function of the hypothalamus in producing FSH, thus disrupting folliculogenesis and reducing the number of antral follicles. A decrease in the number of antral follicles has an impact on a decrease in the amount of estrogen because antral follicles are the place where the hormone estrogen is produced. It is known that the phthalate content in microplastics has an important role in endometrial thickness because phthalates can reduce estradiol levels which has an impact on thinning the endometrium. Each microplastic has a different phthalate concentration based on the phthalate absorption behavior of that type of microplastic. Polyethylene (PE) microplastics absorb phthalates more easily than polyvinyl chlorine (PVC) microplastics. Sub-acute exposure to microplastics per inhalation affects malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the uterus of female white rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain. Meanwhile, sub-acute exposure to microplastics per inhalation did not affect the endometrial thickness of female Wistar strain white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The following suggestions for researchers are to observe the concentration of incoming PE and PVC microplastics, other oxidative stress biomarkers and estrogen levels after exposure to PE and PVC microplastics.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 042406 |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Kedokteran > Kebidanan |
| Depositing User: | soegeng sugeng |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Aug 2024 03:09 |
| Last Modified: | 02 Aug 2024 03:09 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/223403 |
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