Penentuan Masak Fisiologis dan Daya Simpan Benih Galur Harapan Kacang Bambara (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc.)

Absari, Eritria Ulina and Prof. Dr. Ir. Kuswanto, MP. and Dr. Noer Rahmi Ardiarini, SP.,M.Si (2024) Penentuan Masak Fisiologis dan Daya Simpan Benih Galur Harapan Kacang Bambara (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc.). Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Kacang Bambara memiliki potensi besar dalam hal kemampuan beradaptasi terhadap iklim dan kandungan kekayaan nutrisinya (Gulzar dan Minnaar, 2017). Siklus hidup tanaman kacang bambara bergantung pada genotipe, berkisar antara 90 hingga 150 hari dan membutuhkan waktu 30 hingga 40 hari untuk membentuk polong dan kemudian siap untuk di panen (Gao et al. 2020; Massawe et al. 2003). Permasalahan yang sering terjadi saat pemanenan adalah ketika panen terlalu dini dapat menghasilkan kualitas benih yang buruk dan mempengaruhi daya simpan benih jika dibandingkan dengan benih yang dipanen pada saat masak fisiologis (Wang et al. 2008). Disisi lain pemanenan terlambat dapat meningkatkan risiko biji pecah dan mengurangi kualitas benih karena penuaan (Wang et al. 2008). Untuk tujuan menghasilkan benih sebagai bahan tanam, maka benih sebaiknya dipanen pada waktu yang tepat ketika telah masak secara fisiologis. Karena pada titik masak fisiologis, benih mencapai viabilitas dan vigor maksimum (Olasoji, 2012) Sehingga studi untuk menentukan kemasakan fisiologis kacang Bambara menjadi salah satu alternatif penting sebagai usaha peningkatan kualitas benih. Benih hasil panen akan disimpan selama beberapa waktu periode penyimpanan dan kemudian kerusakan benih Bambara biasanya mulai terjadi (Copeland dan Mc Donald, 2001) dan mempengaruhi viabilitas dan vigor benih. Studi pada benih kacang Bambara pada periode simpan perlu dipelajari untuk mengetahui daya simpan benih kacang Bambara dan menentukan penyimpanan yang terbaik untuk menjaga kualitas fisiologis benih kacang Bambara selama penyimpanan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni 2022 dan persiapan penelitian dimulai sejak bulan Februari 2022. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan 2 rangkaian percobaan. Percobaan pertama adalah penentuan masak fisiologis 6 galur harapan kacang Bambara. Untuk percobaan pertama dilakukan penanaman dahulu dan dilakukan di lahan percobaan Jl. Pertanian No. 6, Desa Kemiri, Kecamatan Kepanjen, Kabupaten Malang. Pada ketinggian 335 m dpl, curah hujan 2300 (mm/tahun), suhu udara minimum 23,5 (oC) dan suhu udara maksimum 32 (oC), jenis tanah asosiasi alfisol dan Inceptisol. Percobaan kedua untuk mengevaluasi daya tumbuh dan menguji daya simpan 6 galur harapan kacang Bambara yang telah disimpan selama 1 tahun dan 2 tahun. Percobaan kedua dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Pemuliaan Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya Malang. Alat yang digunakan untuk penelitian adalah kertas merang, mortar dan pistil, tali rafia, cangkul, alat penyemprot, tray, spidol, label, penggaris, kamera, cawan petri, cawan kaca, pinset, plastik, amplop coklat, germinator, oven, gunting, pinset, handsprayer, spatula, desikator, jangka sorong, timbangan analitik. Bahan yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini meliputi benih 6 galur harapan kacang Bambara CCC 1.6, PWBG 6, PWBG 5.2.1, SS 2.4.2, BBL 1.1, TVSU 86, ZPT GA3, pupuk, insektisida, alkohol 70% dan aquades.Pada penelitian kemasakan fisiologis, Kacang Bambara ditanam dan dipanen pada 5 tingkat kemasakan untuk menghasilkan benih pada tingkat kemasakan yang berbeda. Produksi benih untuk pendugaan masak fisiologis dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan perlakuan 6 galur harapan kacang Bambara diulang 4 kali. Kacang Bambara ditanam pada plot berukuran 4 x 3.2 meter, jarak antar baris 40 cm dalam baris 20 cm dan ditanam 1 biji per lubang 4 baris per genotip pada lahan penanaman untuk memproduksi benih kacang Bambara sehingga terdapat 80 tanaman per genotip. Karakter yang diamati pada percobaan kemasakan fisiologis adalah: komponen hasil, komponen viabilitas-vigor dan pengamatan kualitatif adalah pengamatan morfologi dan warna biji dan polong. Uji viabiliatas-vigor menggunakan metode substrat kertas UKDdp. Pengamatan komponen viabilitas vigor untuk menentukan kemasakan fisiologis benih berdasarkan konsep sadjad-steibauer (1993) dimana masak fisiologis dicapai ketika viabilitas dan vigor mencapai maksimum yaitu ketika akhir periode I. Setiap tingkat kemasakan dipanen 5 contoh tanaman dan benihnya akan digunakan untuk pengujian viabilitas dan vigor. Kegiatan percobaan kedua yaitu evaluasi daya simpan benih dilakukan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuaan 6 galur harapan kacang Bambara yang disimpan dalam 2 periode waktu simpan (1 tahun dan 2 tahun) dan setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali menggunakan metode substrat kertas UKDdp. Tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah mempelajari daya simpan kacang Bambara dengan menguji daya tumbuhnya sehingga diketahui potensi hidupnya dan berapa penurunan daya tumbuhnya setelah benih disimpan selama 1 tahun dan 2 tahun dan memperoleh informasi kualitas dan daya tumbuh galur-galur kacang Bambara setelah melalui masa penyimpanan. Karakter yang diamati pada percobaan daya simpan benih kacang Bambara adalah: komponen viabilitas-vigor, morfologi dan struktur benih, morfologi dan struktur kecambah, dan analisis korelasi pearson Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa galur-galur kacang Bambara yang diuji memiliki waktu kemasakan fisiologis yang berbeda. Kacang Bambara Galur PWBG 6 dan PWBG 5.2.1 diperkirakan masak fisiologis pada tingkat kemasakan 120 HST – 127 HST lebih awal dibandingkan galur lainnya. Galur CCC 1.6, SS 2.4.2, BBL 1.1 dan TVSU 86 diperkirakan masak fisiologis pada 127 HST – 134 HST. Pemanenan terlalu dini menghasilkan biji yang kurang vigor, daya berkecambah belum mencapai maksimum, dan laju perkecambahan yang lambat, kadar air yang masih tinggi, dan bobot biji yang yang rendah. Pemanenan terlambat melewati kemasakan fisiologis menghasilkan biji yang kesermpakan tumbuh, laju pekecambahannya menurun, biji pecah, dan meningkatkan jumlah biji yang berkecambah di lapangan. Benih kacang Bambara hasil pemanenan yang disimpan pada pendingin kulkas dengan suhu 14°C dan RH 40%-45% memiliki daya simpan benih hingga 2 tahun namun setelah 2 tahun proses penuuan dan kerusakan benih mulai terjadi ditandai dengan kerusakan fisik dan penurunan kualitas fisiologis benih yaitu penurunan persentase perkecambahan, laju perkecambahan, potensi tumbuh maksimum benih dan bobot kering kecambah normal.

English Abstract

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) have great potential in terms of their ability to adapt to climate and their nutritional richness (Gulzar & Minnaar, 2017). The life cycle of Bambara groundnut plants depends on the genotype, ranges from 90 to 150 days and takes 30 to 40 days to form pods and then be ready for harvest (Gao et al., 2020; Massawe et al., 2003). A problem that often occurs when harvesting is that harvesting too early can result in poor seed quality and affect the storability of the seeds when compared to seeds harvested at physiological maturity (Wang et al., 2008). On the other hand, late harvesting can increase the risk of broken seeds and reduce seed quality due to aging (Wang et al., 2008). For the purpose of producing seeds as planting material, the seeds should be harvested at the right time when they are physiologically mature. Because at the physiological maturity point, the seeds reach maximum viability and vigor (Olasoji,2012). Therefore, studies to determine the physiological maturity of Bambara groundnut are an important alternative as an effort to improve seed quality. The harvested seeds will be stored for some storage period and then damage to the Bambara seeds usually begins to occur (Copeland and Mc Donald, 2001) and affects the viability and vigor of the seeds. Studies on Bambara groundnut seeds during the storage period need to be studied to determine the shelf life of Bambara groundnut seeds and determine the best storage to maintain the physiological quality of Bambara groundnut seeds during storage. This research was carried out in June 2022 and research preparations began in February 2022. This research was carried out with 2 series of experiments. The first experiment was to determine the physiological maturity of 6 promising lines of Bambara groundnut. For the first experiment, planting was carried out first and carried out in the experimental field on Jl. Farm No. 6, Kemiri Village, Kepanjen District, Malang Regency. At an altitude of 335 m above sea level, rainfall is 2300 (mm/year), minimum air temperature is 23.5 (oC) and maximum air temperature is 32 (oC), soil types are Alfisol and Inceptisol associations. The second experiment was to evaluate the growth capacity and test the shelf life of 6 promising lines of Bambara groundnut which had been stored for 1 year and 2 years. The second experiment was carried out at the Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang. The tools used for the research were straw paper, mortar and pistil, raffia rope, hoe, sprayer, tray, marker, label, ruler, camera, petri dish, glass dish, tweezers, plastic, brown envelope, germinator, oven, scissors, tweezers, handsprayer, spatula, desiccator, caliper, analytical balance. The materials used for this research included seeds of 6 hope lines of Bambara beans CCC 1.6, PWBG 6, PWBG 5.2.1, SS 2.4.2, BBL 1.1, TVSU 86, ZPT GA3, fertilizer, insecticide, 70% alcohol and distilled water. For the first research (Physiological maturity) Bambara groundnut were planted and harvested at 5 maturity levels to produce seeds at different maturity levels.Seed production for physiological maturity estimation time was carried out using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with treatment of 6 promising lines of Bambara groundnut repeated 4 times. Bambara beans are planted in a plot measuring 4 x 3.2 meters, the distance between rows is 40 cm in a row of 20 cm and planted 1 seed per hole, 4 rows per genotype in the planting area to produce Bambara groundnut seeds so that there are 80 plants per genotype. The characters observed in physiological maturity experiments are: yield component, viability-vigor component and qualitative observations are observations of the morphology and color of seeds and pods. Viability-vigor test using the UKDdp paper substrate method. Observation of the vigor viability component to determine the physiological maturity of seeds is based on the concept of Sadjad-Steibauer (1994) where physiological maturity is achieved when viability and vigor reach a maximum, namely at the end of period I. At each maturity level, 5 plant samples are harvested and the seeds will be used for testing viability and vigor. The second experimental activity, namely evaluating the shelf life/storability of seeds, was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the treatment of 6 promising lines of Bambara groundnut which were stored in 2 storage periods (1 year and 2 years) and each treatment was repeated 3 times using the UKDdp paper substrate method. The aim of this experiment is to study the storability of Bambara beans by testing their growth capacity so that their potential for survival is known and how much their growth capacity decreases after the seeds are stored for 1 year and 2 years and to obtain information on the quality and growth capacity of Bambara groundnut strains after going through the storage period. The characters observed in the Bambara groundnut seed storability experiment were: viability-vigor components, seed morphology and structure, sprout morphology and structure, and Pearson correlation analysis. The results of the observations showed that the Bambara groundnut lines tested had different physiological maturity time. Bambara groundnut PWBG 6 and PWBG 5.2.1 lines are estimated to attain physiologically maturity at a maturity level of 120 DAP – 127 DAP earlier than other line. The CCC 1.6, SS 2.4.2, BBL 1.1 and TVSU 86 estimated to attain physiologically maturity at 127 DAP – 134 DAP. Harvesting too early results in seeds that lack vigor, germination capacity has not reached its maximum, and the germination rate is slow, the water content is still high, and the seed weight is low. Harvesting late past physiological maturity results in seeds that grow simultaneously, the germination rate decreases, the seeds burst, and increases the number of seeds that germinate in the field. Harvested Bambara bean seeds that are stored in a refrigerator with a temperature of 14°C and RH 40%-45% have a seed shelf life of up to 2 years, but after 2 years the process of aging and seed damage begins to occur, characterized by physical damage and a decrease in the physiological quality of the seeds, namely reduction in germination percentage, germination rate, maximum seed growth potential and normal dry weight of sprouts.

Item Type:	Thesis (Magister)
Identification Number:	0424040041
Divisions:	S2/S3 > Magister Ilmu Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian
Depositing User:	Unnamed user with username nova
Date Deposited:	02 Jul 2024 03:34
Last Modified:	02 Jul 2024 03:34
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/222320

Text (DALAM MASA EMBARGO) Eritria Ulina Absari.pdf Restricted to Registered users only Download (8MB)

Actions (login required)

View Item