Salsabila, Qathrunnada and Prof. Dr. Dra. Catur Retnaningdyah, M.Si and Prof. Luchman Hakim, S.Si., M.Agr.Sc., Ph.D (2024) Evaluasi Jasa Layanan Pada Beberapa Ekosistem Mangrove Di Pulau Bawean, Gresik. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Ekosistem mangrove merupakan ekosistem transisi antara ekosistem laut dan ekosistem terestrial. Salah satu ekosistem mangrove yang dapat ditemukan di Jawa Timur adalah ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Bawean dengan total luas sebesar 17.82 km2. Masyarakat Bawean banyak memanfaatkan jasa layanan mangrove berupa penyediaan bahan bangunan, kayu bakar, dan bahan pangan. Luas ekosistem mangrove di dunia saat ini berkurang secara global mencapai 35% selama 20 tahun terakhir akibat bencana alam dan aktivitas antropogenik. Ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Bawean terdegradasi akibat alih fungsi lahan menjadi tambak udang, pertanian, dan perkebunan. Ekosistem yang terdegradasi harus dikembalikan ke kondisi semula dengan kegiatan restorasi. Restorasi dilakukan dengan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pemantauan. Keberhasilan restorasi dapat dilihat dari peningkatan keanekaragaman hayati di dalamnya dan perbaikan faktor biotik dan abiotik lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan monitoring jasa layanan ekosistem yakni membandingkan ekosistem terdegradasi dengan ekosistem alami menggunakan penilaian parameter fisika kimia air, sedimen, vegetasi mangrove, dan indikator biologi fitoplankton di Pulau Bawean. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi profil kualitas fisika kimia air dan sedimen pada mangrove hasil restorasi di kawasan mangrove Pulau Bawean; menganalisis profil struktur komunitas dan diversitas fitoplankton di kawasan mangrove Pulau Bawean; menganalisis profil diversitas dan stok karbon beberapa ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Bawean; menganalisis hubungan keterkaitan antara aktivitas manusia dan umur restorasi mangrove terhadap kualitas air, sedimen, diversitas plankton serta diversitas dan stok karbon mangrove di kawasan mangrove di Pulau Bawean. Pengambilan sampel air, fitoplankton, mangrove, dan stok karbon dilakukan di delapan ekosistem mangrove yaitu enam ekosistem yang telah direstorasi dan dua ekosistem old plantation sebagai reference site. Lokasi pengambilan sampel terbagi menjadi sebelas stasiun dengan pengulangan tiga kali pada tiap stasiun sehingga total sampel yang didapat sebanyak 33 sampel. Parameter fisika kimia air yang diukur antara lain suhu udara, suhu air, pH, konduktivitas, salinitas, DO, BOD, TSS, nitrat, dan ortofosfat. Parameter fisika kimia tanah yang diukur meliputi pH, konduktivitas, dan kadar bahan organik. Data parameter biologi yang diambil meliputi struktur komunitas dan diversitas fitoplankton (indeks keseragaman, indeks nilai penting, indeks dominansi Simpson, indeks diversitas ShannonWiener, Trophic Diatom Index, Percentage Tolerant Value), stok karbon, indeks diversitas Shannon-Wiener semai, pancang, dan pohon mangrove. Intensitas gangguan manusia diamati menggunakan yaitu indeks Hemeroby. Korelasi antara kualitas air dengan struktur komunitas dan diversitas fitoplankton, serta diversitas mangrove terhadap lama restorasi dan kegiatan antropogenik pada ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Bawean ditentukan melalui analisis biplot menggunakan PCA (Principal Component Analysis) dan pembuatan model persamaan struktural (Structural Equation Model/SEM) dengan WarpPLS.ix Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua parameter fisika-kimia air kecuali DO, nitrat, dan ortofosfat memenuhi standar baku mutu berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 tahun 2021 tentang baku mutu air laut bagi biota di ekosistem mangrove. Kualitas sedimen menunjukkan bahwa kandungan bahan organik umumnya tergolong tinggi hingga sangat tinggi. Indeks Hemeroby menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Bawean tergolong oligohemerobic hingga polyhemerobic. Nilai hemeroby yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan nutrisi yang ada di perairan sehingga memberikan dampak terhadap kelimpahan fitoplankton. Ditemukan sebanyak 42 spesies dari kelas Bacillariophyceae dari total 63 spesies di 11 ekosistem mangrove Pulau Bawean. Indeks Diversitas ShannonWiener menunjukkan diversitas tinggi dimana tidak ada dominansi spesies dan persebaran merata. Kualitas perairan di ekosistem mangrove Pulau Bawean berdasarkan nilai TDI menunjukkan bahwa semua lokasi memiliki status eutrofik kecuali Pulau Cina dan Dekatagung yang tergolong ke dalam perairan hiper-eutrofik. Ekosistem mangrove Hijau Daun merupakan lokasi terbaik karena tidak tercemar bahan organik berdasarkan nilai %PTV. Diversitas semai dan pancang mangrove secara keseluruhan tergolong rendah, sedangkan diversitas pohon tergolong sedang. Stok karbon tertinggi ditemukan di ekosistem mangrove Pamona dilanjutkan dengan Hijau Daun. Berdasarkan analisis hubungan antar faktor menggunakan biplot dan PLS, dapat diketahui bahwa indeks Hemeroby yang tinggi akan meningkatkan diversitas fitoplankton sehingga perairan menjadi eutrofik berdasarkan TDI. Namun demikian, kadar nutrisi yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia masih memenuhi daya dukung lingkungan sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan oleh fitoplankton dan organisme lainnya. Aktivitas manusia yang tinggi juga dapat menurunkan diversitas mangrove sehingga berdampak pada penurunan kualitas ekosistem yang dilihat dari stok karbon.
English Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems are transitional ecosystems between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. One of the mangrove ecosystems that can be found in East Java is the mangrove ecosystem on Bawean Island with a total area of 17.82 km2. The Bawean community utilizes many mangrove services in the form of providing building materials, firewood, and food. The area of mangrove ecosystems in the world is currently reduced globally by 35% over the last 20 years due to natural disasters and anthropogenic activities. Degraded mangrove ecosystems must be restored to their original condition through restoration activities. Restoration is carried out through planning, implementation and monitoring. The success of restoration can be seen from the increase in biodiversity in it and the improvement of biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor ecosystem services by comparing degraded ecosystems with natural ecosystems using the assessment of physico-chemical parameters of water, sediment, mangrove vegetation, and phytoplankton as biological indicators on Bawean Island. This study aims to evaluate the profile of water and sediment physico-chemical quality in restored mangroves in the mangrove area of Bawean Island; analyze the profile of community structure and phytoplankton diversity in the mangrove area of Bawean Island; analyze the diversity profile and carbon stocks of several mangrove ecosystems on Bawean Island; analyze the relationship between human activities and the age of mangrove restoration on water quality, sediment, plankton diversity and mangrove diversity and carbon stocks in mangrove areas on Bawean Island. Sampling of water, phytoplankton, mangroves, and carbon stocks was carried out in eight mangrove ecosystems, namely six restored ecosystems and two old plantations ecosystems as reference sites. The sampling location was divided into eleven stations with three repetitions at each station so that a total of 33 samples were obtained. The physicochemical parameters of water measured include air temperature, water temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, DO, BOD, TSS, nitrate, and orthophosphate. Soil physico-chemical parameters measured include pH, conductivity, and organic matter content. Biological parameter data taken include community structure and phytoplankton diversity (evenness index, important value index, Simpson's dominance index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Trophic Diatom Index, Percentage Tolerant Value), carbon stock, Shannon-Wiener diversity index of mangrove seedlings, saplings, and trees. The intensity of human disturbance was observed using Hemeroby index. Correlations between water quality and community structure and phytoplankton diversity, as well as mangrove diversity against restoration duration and anthropogenic activities in mangrove ecosystems on Bawean Island were determined through biplot analysis using PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and structural equation modeling (SEM) with WarpPLS. The results showed that all water physico-chemical parameters except DO, nitrate, and orthophosphate met the quality standards based on Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 concerning seawater quality standards for biota in mangrove ecosystems. Sediment quality shows that organic matter content was generally classified as high to very high. Hemerobyxi index shows that the mangrove ecosystem on Bawean Island was classified as oligohemerobic to polyhemerobic. High hemeroby values can increase nutrients in the water so it has an impact on phytoplankton abundance. 42 species of Bacillariophyceae class were found out of a total of 63 species in 11 mangrove ecosystems of Bawean Island. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index shows high diversity where there is no dominance of species and even distribution. Water quality in the mangrove ecosystems of Bawean Island based on the TDI value shows that all locations have eutrophic status except Pulau Cina and Dekatagung which are classified as hyper-eutrophic waters. Hijau Daun mangrove ecosystem was the best location because it is not polluted by organic matter based on the %PTV value. Overall mangrove seedling and sapling diversity was low, while tree diversity was moderate. The highest carbon stock was found in the Pamona mangrove ecosystem followed by Hijau Daun. Based on the analysis of the interaction between factors using biplot and PLS, we can conclude that a high Hemeroby index will increase phytoplankton diversity so that waters become eutrophic based on TDI. However, the level of nutrients produced by human activities still meets the carrying capacity of the environment so that it can be utilized by phytoplankton and other organisms. High human activity can also reduce mangrove diversity, resulting in a decrease in ecosystem quality as seen from carbon stocks.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0424090018 |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Biologi, Fakultas MIPA |
| Depositing User: | Unnamed user with username nova |
| Date Deposited: | 24 Jul 2024 05:15 |
| Last Modified: | 24 Jul 2024 05:15 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/221697 |
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