Pasaribu, Desi Natalia and Prof. Dr. Agr. Sc. Hagus Tarno, S.P, M.P and Akhmad Rizali, S.P, M.Si, Ph.D (2024) Pengaruh Skala Lokal Dan Skala Lanskap Terhadap Keanekaragaman Semut Pada Pertanaman Jagung Di Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Keanekaragaman hayati berperan dalam pengaturan dan penyediaan layanan ekosistem untuk menjamin keberlanjutan ekosistem. Keanekaragaman hayati dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor lingkungan, pada skala lokal (misalnya kualitas dan kuantitas sumber daya makan dan sarang, serta jenis habitat) atau pada skala lanskap (misalnya fragmentasi habitat, komposisi dan konfigurasi fitur-fitur lanskap). Setiap spesies yang menyediakan layanan ekosistem bergantung pada skala lokal, namun sering kali perilaku individu, biologi populasi, dan dinamika komunitas spesies tersebut dipengaruhi oleh distribusi spasial pada skala lanskap yang lebih besar. Semut merupakan kelompok fungsional yang penting karena dapat menyediakan berbagai layanan ekosistem, salah satunya sebagai biondikator. Keberadaan semut dalam suatu kawasan dijadikan sebagai bioindikator karena kepentingan ekologis semut dalam ekosistem dapat menunjukkan kepekaan atau toleransi terhadap kondisi lingkungan, sehingga memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai alat penilaian kondisi lingkungan, seperti menggambarkan dampak perubahan dari lanskap sebuah habitat, komunitas, dan ekosistem. Pola komunitas semut bergantung pada skala, seperti keanekaragaman, kekayaan spesies, dan komposisi spesies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keanekaragaman semut pada pertanaman jagung di Kabupaten Malang dalam kaitannya dengan skala lokal, yaitu keberadaan refugia, umur tanaman jagung, musim, dan skala lanskap, yaitu komposisi lanskap berupa jumlah patch dan class area dari habitat semi alami dan lahan jagung. Penelitian ini terbagi menjadi dua musim, yaitu penanaman jagung dan refugia pada musim kemarau di bulan April-Juli 2022, dan penanaman jagung dan refugia pada musim hujan dibulan September-Desember 2022 yang berlokasi di Desa Bokor dan Desa Tumpang, Kecamatan Tumpang, Malang, Indonesia. Lokasi penelitian terdiri dari empat area yang berbeda dijadikan sebagai ulangan. Kemudian masing-masing area dibagi menjadi dua plot, yaitu plot perlakuan dan plot kontrol. Kedua plot masing-masing terdiri dari tiga petak berukuran 5 m x 5 m. Setiap plot perlakuan ditanami oleh enam jenis refugia, yaitu bunga kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), bunga pukul delapan (Turnera subulata), bunga matahari (Helianthus annuus), kacang panjang (Vigna unguiculata), kacang hias (Arachis pintoi), dan bunga air mata pengantin (Antigonon leptopus) dengan jarak tanam 20 cm x 30 cm. Kemudian, di sekelilingnya ditanami oleh tanaman jagung dengan jarak tanam 70 x 20 cm. Dalam satu plot, terdapat empat titik yang menjadi pengambilan contoh semut dengan gradien jarak, yaitu di petak 5 x 5 m, jarak 0 m (J0), jarak 10 m (J10), dan jarak 20 m (J20). Setiap titik pengambilan contoh semut diletakkan tiga pitfall trap, sehingga setiap plot terdiri dari 12 pitfall trap. Pengamatan semut dimulai saat tanaman jagung berumur 2 MST (minggu setelah tanam) hingga 12 MST selama dua minggu sekali. Pengambilan semut dilakukan 1x24 jam setelah pemasangan perangkap pada pukul 07:00-08:00 WIB. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan delapan lanskap yang ditentukan persentase habitat semi alami dan keragaman jenis habitatnya dari pertanaman jagung. Lanskap disekitar pertanaman jagung ditandai dengan lingkaran radius 500 m menggunakan Google Earth. Kemudian dilakukan ground ii check dan digitasi secara manual untuk mengetahui penggunaan lahan menggunakan software QGIS. Parameter lanskap yang digunakan, yaitu Class Area (CA) dan Number of Patches (NP) dari habitat semi alami dan pertanaman jagung yang dihitung dengan bantuan Plugin LecoS (Landscape Ecology Statistics). Penggunaan lahan diklasifikasikan ke dalam enam kategori, yaitu habitat semi alami, tanaman semusim, tanaman tahunan, tanaman jagung, lahan kosong, dan pemukiman. Jumlah keseluruhan individu semut dari setiap plot perlakuan dan kontrol selama musim kemarau dan musim hujan adalah sebanyak 2679, yang terdiri dari 43 jenis semut yang terbagi dalam 22 genus dan lima subfamili. Jumlah patch (NP) habitat semi alami dan umur tanaman jagung berkorelasi positif terhadap kekayaan spesies semut. Kekayaan spesies semut semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah patch habitat semi alami dan bertambahnya umur tanaman jagung. Namun, jumlah patch (NP) habitat semi alami, umur tanaman jagung, dan musim hujan berkorelasi negatif terhadap komposisi spesies semut. Komposisi spesies semut semakin menurun atau mirip seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah patch habitat semi alami, bertambahnya umur tanaman jagung, dan saat musim hujan.
English Abstract
Biodiversity plays a role in regulating and providing ecosystem services to ensure ecosystem sustainability. Biodiversity is influenced by many environmental factors, at local scales (e.g. quality and quantity of feeding and nesting resources, and habitat types) or at landscape scales (e.g. habitat fragmentation, composition and configuration of landscape features). Each species that provides ecosystem services depends on the local scale, but often the individual behavior, population biology and community dynamics of that species are influenced by its spatial distribution at larger landscape scales. Ants are an important functional group because they can provide various ecosystem services, one of which is as a biondicator. The presence of ants in an area is used as a bioindicator because the ecological importance of ants in ecosystems can indicate sensitivity or tolerance to environmental conditions, allowing them to be used as a tool for assessing environmental conditions, such as describing the impact of changes in the landscape of a habitat, community, and ecosystem. Ant community patterns are scale-dependent, such as species diversity, richness and composition. This research aims to investigate the relationship between local habitat modification (the presence of refugia) and landscape composition (Number of Patches and Class Areas of semi-natural habitats and maize fields) in maize fields, specifically focusing on their impact on ants species richness, abundance, and species composition. The study was divided into the dry season (April-July 2022) and the wet season (September-December 2022). Field research was conducted on land planted with maize in Bokor Village and Tumpang Village, Tumpang Subdistrict, Malang, Indonesia. The research field comprised four distinct areas, each area consisted of a control plot and a treatment plot, making a total of four control plots and four treatment plots utilizing plant diversity enrichment. The control and treatment plots were at least 150 meters apart and consisted of three 5 m x 5 m sub-plots. In each treatment plot, six types of plant diversity enrichment were planted: 25 wild cosmos (Cosmos caudatus), 25 white buttercups (Turnera subulata), 25 sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), 25 long beans (Vigna unguiculata), 25 ornamental beans (Arachis pintoi), and 10 coral vine (Antigonon leptopus) with a spacing of 20 cm x 30 cm. Subsequently, the surrounding plot was planted with maize crops spaced at 70 cm x 20 cm. The same approach was applied to the control plot, with a 5 m x 5 m sub-plot also planted with maize crops. Routine maintenance for the maize crops, including watering, fertilizing, pesticide application, and weeding. Three transects were sampled for ants with a distance gradient in 5 m x 5 m sub-plots, 0 m distance (J0), 10 m distance (J10), and 20 m distance (J20). The distance between one pitfall trap and another in one observation transect was 6 m, with each transect containing 100 maize crops. Three pitfall traps were placed at each sampling point, resulting in 12 pitfall traps per plot. Ant observations commenced when the maize crops were two weeks old, continuing for twelve weeks with observations made for two-week intervals. Ant collection occurred 24 hours after pitfall trap installation at 07:00- 08:00 WIB. Eight landscapes were used in this study, which were determined by the percentage of semi-natural habitats and the diversity of habitat types from the iv maize crops. The landscape around the maize crop was marked with a 500 m radius circle using Google Earth. Then ground check and manual digitization were conducted to determine land use using QGIS software. The landscape parameters used, namely Class Area (CA) and Number of Patches (NP) of seminatural habitats and maize crops were calculated with the help of the LecoS (Landscape Ecology Statistics) Plugin. Land use was classified into six categories, namely semi-natural habitat, annual cropland, perennial cropland, maize cropland, open area, and housing area. The total number of ant individuals from each treatment and control plot during the dry and wet seasons was 2679, consisting of 43 ant species belonging to 22 genera and five subfamilies. The number of patches (NP) of semi-natural habitat and maize plant age were positively correlated with ant species richness. Ant species richness increased with the number of semi-natural habitat patches and the age of maize plants. However, the number of semi-natural habitat patches (NP), maize crop age and wet season were negatively correlated with ant species composition. Ant species composition decreased or was similar as the number of semi-natural habitat patches increased, the age of maize plants increased, and the wet season.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0424040030 |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Ilmu Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Unnamed user with username nova |
| Date Deposited: | 07 May 2024 01:56 |
| Last Modified: | 07 May 2024 01:56 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/218905 |
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