Islami, Mida Afifahsari Nur and Prof. Dr. Teti Estiasih, STP., MP. and Alfi Khatib, Prof. Dr. (2023) Toxicity of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Leaves Extract Using Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo and Its Behavior Evaluation. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves have been reported to possess various bioactivities such as analgesic, stimulant, antidepressant, antinociceptive and anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antinociceptive and antidepressant effects. It contains various secondary metabolites with chemical markers of mitragynine and 7- hydroxymitragynine. Despite these findings, toxicology research on this plant is still lacking. Toxicological evaluation of kratom leaves is important to identify and assess the potential risks and hazards associated with kratom use. It is crucial to understand the potential benefits and risks associated with its use and to develop evidence-based guidelines for its safe use. The aims of this study were to evaluate the toxicity of the kratom leaves extract on zebrafish embryo/larvae and to analyze its behavior changes. The zebrafish embryo/larvae test was used to determine an acute toxicity of the plant extract. Four apical observations, including the coagulation, lack of somite, non-detachment of tail bud, and lack of heartbeat, were monitored every 24 hours as signs of mortality. The median-lethal concentration (LC50) value was calculated based on the plant concentration which caused mortality of half of the tested zebrafish population. The methodology for the behavior test used a light-dark treatment which was carried out for 1 h and 15 min, with an acclimatization period of 15 min in a dark condition followed by a light and dark period of 30 min each. The LC50 value of the zebrafish treated with the kratom sample was 127.18 μg/mL which means it has a toxic effect. However, the morphological defects including yolk and eye sizes, body length, hatching defect, less pigmentation, yolk edema, crooked bone, and heart edema were detected at the lower plant extract concentration. While the behavior study under both dark and light conditions indicated the changes of the kratom-treated larvae behavior parameters; such as distance moved, velocity, and movement/time. The kratom-treated larvaes were significantly (p<0.05) more active compared to that of the negative control.
English Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves have been reported to possess various bioactivities such as analgesic, stimulant, antidepressant, antinociceptive and anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antinociceptive and antidepressant effects. It contains various secondary metabolites with chemical markers of mitragynine and 7- hydroxymitragynine. Despite these findings, toxicology research on this plant is still lacking. Toxicological evaluation of kratom leaves is important to identify and assess the potential risks and hazards associated with kratom use. It is crucial to understand the potential benefits and risks associated with its use and to develop evidence-based guidelines for its safe use. The aims of this study were to evaluate the toxicity of the kratom leaves extract on zebrafish embryo/larvae and to analyze its behavior changes. The zebrafish embryo/larvae test was used to determine an acute toxicity of the plant extract. Four apical observations, including the coagulation, lack of somite, non-detachment of tail bud, and lack of heartbeat, were monitored every 24 hours as signs of mortality. The median-lethal concentration (LC50) value was calculated based on the plant concentration which caused mortality of half of the tested zebrafish population. The methodology for the behavior test used a light-dark treatment which was carried out for 1 h and 15 min, with an acclimatization period of 15 min in a dark condition followed by a light and dark period of 30 min each. The LC50 value of the zebrafish treated with the kratom sample was 127.18 μg/mL which means it has a toxic effect. However, the morphological defects including yolk and eye sizes, body length, hatching defect, less pigmentation, yolk edema, crooked bone, and heart edema were detected at the lower plant extract concentration. While the behavior study under both dark and light conditions indicated the changes of the kratom-treated larvae behavior parameters; such as distance moved, velocity, and movement/time. The kratom-treated larvaes were significantly (p<0.05) more active compared to that of the negative control.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0423100011 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), Toxicity, Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Behavior Study. |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Keteknikan Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Sugeng Moelyono |
| Date Deposited: | 22 Feb 2024 03:57 |
| Last Modified: | 22 Feb 2024 03:57 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/216432 |
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