Asyikaputri, Devia Ellyna and Rayhan, Hilmy and Ir. Aji Hendra Sarosa, S.T., M.T and Ir. Luthfi Kurnia Dewi, S.T., M.T (2023) Pengaruh Variasi Kadar Air dan Jenis Pelarut Pada Ekstraksi Daun Jeruk Purut Terhadap Rendemen dan Senyawa Aktif. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) kaya akan senyawa aktif yang bermanfaat seperti polifenol, saponin, alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, glikosida, kumarin, phytol, pinene, asam fenolat, limonoid, gliserolipid, minyak atsiri dan tokoferol. Ekstraksi soxhlet merupakan salah satu metode ekstraksi yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk mendapatkan ekstrak daun jeruk purut. Ekstraksi soxhlet dipengaruhi oleh kadar air pada bahan dan jenis pelarut yang digunakan. Daun yang belum mengalami pengeringan akan menghasilkan rendemen rendah karena luas permukaan pori yang kecil, sehingga senyawa aktif tetap terlindungi di dalam sel dan terhambat selama difusi. Bahan kering dengan ukuran pori yang lebih luas akan memberikan lebih banyak ruang bagi pelarut untuk menembus sel dan mengumpulkan metabolit sekunder. Namun, kadar air yang terlalu rendah akibat pengeringan dapat merusak dinding sel pada daun sehingga menyebabkan senyawa aktif mengalami penguapan. Pemilihan jenis pelarut yang digunakan sesuai dengan prinsip like dissolve like dan sesuai solubility pelarut terhadap senyawa aktif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi kadar air dan jenis pelarut pada ekstraksi daun jeruk purut terhadap rendemen dan komposisi senyawa aktif. Kadar air divariasikan dengan variabel 60-70%; 30-40%; 10-20% menggunakan pengeringan oven vacuum. Proses ekstraksi menggunakan rangkaian soxhletasi menggunakan tiga jenis pelarut yaitu metanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana. Ekstrak daun jeruk purut yang terpisah dianalisis untuk mengetahui jumlah rendemen yang dihasilkan dan dilakukan pengujian GC-MS untuk mengetahui senyawa aktif. Hasil rendemen ekstrak dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dua arah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah kadar air menurunkan rendemen ekstrak daun jeruk purut. Pelarut yang menghasilkan rendemen tertinggi pada kadar air 60-70% dan 30-40% adalah metanol sebanyak 42,91 ±4,4% dan 22,59±3,3% Sedangkan, pada kadar air 10-20% adalah pelarut etil-asetat sebanyak 16,46±1,5%. Variasi kadar air dan jenis pelarut terfapat perbedaan nyata karena Fhitung >Ftabel. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa rendemen lebih dipengaruhi oleh fenomena difusi ekstraksi. Hasil pengujian GCMS menunjukkan bahwa jenis pelarut mempengaruhi senyawa aktif yang terekstrak. Isolasi senyawa aktif 1-decanol dan 1-tetradecene lebih efektif menggunakan jenis pelarut metanol. Isolasi senyawa aktif carbitol dan sitronelal lebih efektif menggunakan jenis pelarut etil-asetat. Isolasi senyawa aktif heptan-3-γL butyrate lebih efektif menggunakan jenis pelarut n-heksana. Sedangkan, variabel kadar air menentukan komposisi senyawa aktif yang terekstrak. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa senyawa aktif lebih dipengaruhi oleh solubility dan kepolaran terhadap pelarut yang digunakan. Senyawa aktif mayor yang terisolasi pada setiap pelarut memiliki nilai komersial.
English Abstract
Kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) are rich in beneficial active compounds such as polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, coumarins, phytol, pinene, phenolic acids, limonoids, glycerolipids, essential oils, and tocopherols. Soxhlet extraction is one of the extraction methods that can be applied to obtain kaffir lime leaf extract. Soxhlet extraction is influenced by the moisture content of the material and the type of solvent used. Leaves that have not undergone drying will result in a low yield due to their small pore surface area, which protects the active compounds within the cells and hinders their diffusion. Dry materials with larger pore sizes provide more space for the solvent to penetrate the cells and collect secondary metabolites. However, excessively low moisture content resulting from drying can damage the glands in the leaves, leading to the evaporation of active compounds. The selection of the solvent type used should follow the principle of "like dissolves like" and consider the solvent's solubility with respect to the active compounds. The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of variations in moisture content and solvent type on the extraction of kaffir lime leaves, specifically their yield and composition of active compounds. The moisture content was varied with the following ranges: 60-70%, 30-40%, and 10- 20%, achieved through vacuum oven drying. The extraction process utilized a series of Soxhlet extractions using three types of solvents: methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. The separated kaffir lime leaf extracts were measured to determine the yield, and GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the active compounds present. The yield results were further analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. The research results show that lower water content decreases the yield of Citrus hystrix leaf extract. The solvent that yielded the highest extraction at water content of 60-70% and 30-40% was methanol, with a yield of 42.91 ± 4.4% and 22.59 ± 3.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, at a water content of 10-20%, ethyl acetate was the most effective solvent, with a yield of 16.46 ± 1.5%. There were significant differences in both water content and solvent type as indicated by Fcalculation > Ftable. This suggests that the yield is more influenced by the extraction diffusion phenomenon. The GC-MS analysis results indicate that the type of solvent affects the extracted active compounds. The isolation of active compounds 1-decanol and 1-tetradecene was more effective using methanol as the solvent. The isolation of active compounds carbitol and citronellal was more effective using ethyl acetate as the solvent. The isolation of active compound heptan-3-γL butyrate was more effective using n-hexane as the solvent. On the other hand, the water content variable determines the composition of the extracted active compounds. This indicates that the active compounds are more influenced by solubility and polarity towards the solvent used. The major isolated active compounds in each solvent have commercial value.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Sarjana) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 052307 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Daun jeruk purut, GC-MS, rendemen, senyawa aktif, soxhlet |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Teknik > Teknik Kimia |
| Depositing User: | Unnamed user with username ihwan |
| Date Deposited: | 18 Jan 2024 01:45 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Jan 2024 01:45 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/211776 |
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