Analisis Fungsi Permintaan Pangan Protein Hewani Pada Rumahtangga Di Jawa Timur Dan Nusa Tenggara Timur

Nofal, Bahieddin and Dr. Ir. Suhartini, SP. and Dr. Fahriyah, SP., M.Si. (2023) Analisis Fungsi Permintaan Pangan Protein Hewani Pada Rumahtangga Di Jawa Timur Dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Konsumsi pangan protein hewani di Indonesia akan diproyeksikan terus meningkat. Namun, permasalahan saat ini tentang pangan protein hewani adalah rendahnya rata-rata tingkat konsumsi dan pangsa pengeluaran serta relatif tingginya harga beberapa pangan protein hewani. Rendahnya taraf perekonomian menyebabkan kurangnya akses mereka terhadap protein berkualitas karena harga sumber protein hewani yang berkualitas relatif lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan sumber protein nabati (Hussein et al., 2021). Oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) Menganalisis fungsi permintaan pangan protein hewani pada rumahtangga Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. 2) Menganalisis elastisitas pendapatan, elastisitas harga sendiri dan elastisitas harga barang lain terhadap permintaan sumber pangan protein hewani di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian tentang permintaan masih terus diminati baik dari segi teori maupun bentuk empirisnya. Beberapa model ekonometrik yang telah dikembangkan selama beberapa dekade terakhir, yaitu: Almost Ideal Demand System/AIDS (Deaton & Muellbauer, 1980); dan The Quadratic AIDS (Banks et al., 1997). Model ini banyak digunakan dalam analisis permintaan pangan, terutama di negara berkembang. Beberapa studi tentang permintaan pangan Indonesia sudah tersedia. Namun sebagian besar penelitian memiliki spesialisasi dalam satu kategori, seperti daging sapi, beras, jagung, kedelai, dan ayam. Untuk saat ini, perkiraan elastisitas secara menyeluruh untuk beberapa komoditas pangan secara keseluruhan belum banyak dilakukan. Disamping itu, sebagian besar penelitian telah menggunakan data lama. Penentuan lokasi penelitian ini dilakukan dengan sengaja (purposive) yaitu di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Data yang digunakan adalah data survey sosial ekonomi nasional (susenas) bulan maret tahun 2020. Data susenas yang digunakan berupa data modul konsumsi dan data kor hasil survey rumahtangga di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur. Data rumahtangga sebanyak 42.283 terdiri dari 30.475 rumahtangga Jawa Timur dan 11.808 rumahtangga Nusa Tenggara Timur. Analisis ini untuk mengestimasi fungsi permintaan rumahtangga terhadap komoditas pangan protein hewani yang dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan model Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). Model permintaan QUIDS dipilih karena model permintaan ini dapat menangkap informasi mengenai data demografis seperti perbedaan wilayah, sehingga menjaga variasi struktur preferensi dan keheterogenan antar rumahtangga. Elastisitas permintaan digunakan untuk mengukur perubahan permintaan pangan hewani. Perubahan elastisitas permintaan disebabkan oleh perubahan harga suatu komoditi pangan hewani (elastisitas harga sendiri), perubahan pendapatan atau pengeluaran rumahx tangga (elastisitas pengeluaran) dan perubahan harga komoditas pangan hewani lainnya. Hasil estimasi parameter QUAIDS menyatakan semua variabel secara signifikan pada taraf kepercayaan 99% yang berarti saling dipengaruhi oleh pendapatan rumahtangga, harga sendiri dan harga komoditas lain serta sosial demografi (jumlah anggota rumahtangga, usia kepala rumahtangga, tingkat pendidikan kepala rumahtangga dan wilayah) terhadap pangan protein hewani di Jawa Timur maupun di Nusa Tenggara Timur. Permintaan share ikan di Jatim dipengaruhi oleh pengeluaran, harga daging, harga telur, harga susu, jumlah anggota rumahtangga, usia kepala rumahtangga, tingkat pendidikan kepala rumahtangga dan wilayah dengan pengaruh yang beragam, baik positif atau negatif. Share ikan pada rumahtangga Nusa Tenggara Timur dipengaruhi oleh pengeluaran komoditas pangan protein, harga daging, harga telur, jumlah anggota rumahtangga, usia kepala rumahtangga dan wilayah. Pengaruh variabel pengeluaran dan harga (sendiri maupun silang) terhadap share pengeluaran kelompok pangan hewani dapat diartikan melalui nilai elastisitas permintaan pangan dimana berkaitan dengan seberapa sensitif rumahtangga dalam merespon perubahan harga dan total pengeluaran. Nilai elastisitas pengeluaran komoditas telur (0,454) di Jawa Timur menunjukkan dalam kategori barang normal dan untuk ikan (1,175), daging (1,248) dan susu (1,466) dalam kategori barang mewah. Sedangkan elastisitas pengeluaran di Nusa Tenggara Timur menunjukkan komoditas ikan (0,863) dan telur (0,544) tergolong barang normal serta untuk komoditas daging (2,022) dan susu (1,371) tergolong barang mewah. Nilai elastisitas harga sendiri Marshallian (uncompensanted) dan Hicksian (compensanted) untuk seluruh komoditas di Jawa Timur maupun di Nusa Tenggara Timur memiliki tanda negatif yang berarti permintaan pangan protein hewani tersebut sesuai hukum permintaan. Selanjutnya, nilai elastisitas harga komoditas lain Marshallian (uncompensanted) di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur menunjukkan hasil yang bervariasi positif dan negatif. Namun untuk nilai elastisitas harga komoditas lain Hicksian (compensanted) di Jawa Timur dan di Nusa Tenggara Timur menunjukkan hasil yang positif menandakan antar komoditas tersebut saling menggantikan atau subtitusi. Nilai elastisitas pengeluaran menurut wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur memiliki kecenderungan yang berbeda. Beberapa komoditas pangan hewani menurut wilayah perkotaan di Jawa Timur memiliki nilai elastisitas lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan di Nusa Tengggara Timur. Nilai elastisitas pengeluaran komoditas pangan protein di Jawa Timur termasuk kategori barang mewah kecuali komoditas telur yang termasuk kategori barang normal. Nilai elastisitas pengeluaran komoditas pangan protein di Nusa Tenggara Timur termasuk kategori barang mewah kecuali komoditas ikan dan telur yang termasuk kategori barang normal. Nilai elastisitas harga menurut wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur memiliki kecenderungan yang sama bahwaxi komoditas pangan protein tersebut bersifat inelastis serta memiliki tanda negatif yang berarti sesuai dengan kriteria dimana efek dari harga terhadap konsumsi adalah negatif. Perbedaan elastisitas harga silang menurut wilayah perkotaan di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur dengan pendekatan uncompensated yaitu komoditas ikan di Jawa Timur bersifat subtitusi terhadap daging, sedangkan untuk komoditas ikan di Nusa Tenggara Timur bersifat komplementer terhadap daging. Selanjutnya, perbedaan elastisitas harga silang menurut wilayah pedesaan dengan pendekatan compensated yaitu komoditas daging di Jawa Timur bersifat komplementer terhadap ikan, sedangkan untuk komoditas daging di Nusa Tenggara Timur bersifat subtitusi terhadap ikan. Nilai elastisitas harga silang dengan pendekatan compensated menurut wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur menunjukan bahwa keempat komoditas pangan hewani memiliki hubungan saling menggantikan atau saling mengsubtitusi satu sama lain. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut maka disarankan : (1) Elastisitas pendapatan lebih besar dari nilai elastisitas harga, artinya cara yang paling efektif untuk mengarahkan pola konsumsi pangan di Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Timur adalah melalui peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat. Meskipun kebijakan harga sangat menentukan, namun dalam jangka panjang perubahan pola konsumsi pangan terutama ditentukan oleh peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat. (2) Prioritas kebijakan pemerintah terkait pangan dan gizi diprioritaskan untuk kelompok masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah berpenghasilan rendah. Permintaan atau konsumsi daging relatif rendah. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus mendorong swasembada protein hewani agar berbagai lapisan masyarakat dapat merasakan manfaatnya sebab diversifikasi pangan merupakan tugas berat pemerintah provinsi. (3) Upaya diversifikasi pangan meliputi kampanye atau sosialisasi tentang konsumsi yang beragam, pangan yang bergizi dan aman bagi masyarakat. Karena juga menyangkut aspek perilaku masyarakat, maka kebijakan pembangunan konsumsi pangan harus dibuat menjadi gerakan massa yang tidak hanya melibatkan pemerintah tetapi mencakup seluruh elemen masyaraka

English Abstract

The consumption of animal protein in Indonesia is projected to continue increasing. However, the current issue regarding animal protein consumption is the low average consumption levels and expenditure shares, as well as the relatively high prices of certain animal protein foods. The low economic status results in limited access to quality protein due to the relatively higher cost of highquality animal protein sources compared to plant-based protein sources (Hussein et al., 2021). Therefore, the objectives of this research are: 1) To analyze the demand function for animal protein foods in households in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara. 2) To analyze income elasticity, own-price elasticity, and crossprice elasticity of other goods on the demand for animal protein food sources in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara. Research on demand continues to be of interest both in terms of theory and empirical forms. Several econometric models have been developed over the last few decades, namely the Almost Ideal Demand System/AIDS (Deaton & Muellbauer, 1980) and The Quadratic AIDS (Banks et al., 1997). These models have been widely used in food demand analysis, particularly in developing countries. Several studies on food demand in Indonesia are already available. However, most of the research specializes in individual categories such as beef, rice, corn, soybeans, and chicken. Currently, comprehensive estimates of elasticity for various food commodities as a whole are still relatively limited. Moreover, most studies have relied on outdated data. The selection of the research locations was deliberate, chosen to be in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara. The data utilized in this study comes from the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) conducted in March 2020. The SUSENAS data used includes both consumption module data and household survey data from East Java and East Nusa Tenggara. The dataset comprises 42,283 households, with 30,475 households from East Java and 11,808 households from East Nusa Tenggara. This analysis aims to estimate household demand functions for animal protein food commodities using the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. The QUAIDS demand model was chosen due to its ability to capture demographic information such as regional differences, thereby accounting for variations in preference structures and household heterogeneity. Demand elasticity is employed to measure changes in the demand for animal protein food commodities. Changes in demand elasticity are driven by alterations in the price of a particular animal protein food commodity (own-price elasticity), changes in household income or expenditure (income elasticity), and changes in the price of other animal protein food commodities.xiii The results of the QUAIDS parameter estimation indicate that all variables are statistically significant at a 99% confidence level, signifying that they mutually influence each other based on household income, own prices, prices of other commodities, and socio-demographic factors (number of household members, age of the household head, level of education of the household head, and region) concerning animal protein foods in both East Java and East Nusa Tenggara. The demand share for fish in East Java is influenced by expenditure, meat price, egg price, milk price, number of household members, age of the household head, education level of the household head, and region, with various effects, either positive or negative. The demand share for fish in households in East Nusa Tenggara is influenced by expenditure on animal protein food commodities, meat price, egg price, number of household members, age of the household head, and region. The influence of expenditure and prices (both own and cross) on the expenditure share of the animal protein food group can be interpreted through the values of demand elasticity, relating to how responsive households are to changes in prices and total expenditure. The expenditure elasticity values for egg commodities (0.454) in East Java suggest they are normal goods, whereas for fish (1.175), meat (1.248), and milk (1.466), they fall under the category of luxury goods. In East Nusa Tenggara, expenditure elasticity indicates that fish (0.863) and eggs (0.544) are normal goods, while meat (2.022) and milk (1.371) are classified as luxury goods. The own-price elasticity values, both Marshallian (uncompensated) and Hicksian (compensated), for all commodities in both East Java and East Nusa Tenggara are negative, which signifies that the demand for these animal protein foods adheres to the law of demand. Furthermore, the values of the Marshallian own-price elasticity for other commodities in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara show varying positive and negative outcomes. However, for the Hicksian compensated own-price elasticity of other commodities in both regions, the results are positive, indicating that these commodities are substitutable with each other. (Note: The interpretation provided is based on the information given and common economic concepts. Please consult a domain expert or the original research for precise details and explanations.) The expenditure elasticity values differ based on urban and rural areas in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara. Some animal protein food commodities in urban areas of East Java have lower elasticity values compared to those in East Nusa Tenggara. The expenditure elasticity values for animal protein food commodities in urban areas of East Java fall under the category of luxury goods, except for eggs, which are categorized as normal goods. Similarly, in urban areas of East Nusa Tenggara, the expenditure elasticity values for animal protein food commodities are classified as luxury goods, except for fish and eggs, which are categorized as normal goods. The price elasticity values by urban and rural areas in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara exhibit a similar trend: the animal protein food commodities are inelastic and have negative signs, indicating a negative effect of price onxiv consumption, as per the criteria. The differences in cross-price elasticity according to urban areas in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara, using the uncompensated approach, show that fish in East Java is a substitute for meat, whereas fish in East Nusa Tenggara is complementary to meat. Furthermore, the differences in crossprice elasticity according to rural areas, using the compensated approach, reveal that meat in East Java is complementary to fish, while meat in East Nusa Tenggara is a substitute for fish. The cross-price elasticity values using the compensated approach, both in urban and rural areas of East Java and East Nusa Tenggara, indicate that all four animal protein food commodities are interrelated, showing either substitution or complementarity relationships among them. Based on the research findings, the following recommendations are suggested: (1) Income Elasticity is Greater Than Price Elasticity : As the income elasticity is larger than the price elasticity, it implies that the most effective way to shape the food consumption patterns in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara is by increasing the income of the population. While price policies do play a crucial role, in the long term, changes in consumption patterns are primarily influenced by income growth. Therefore, efforts to enhance income levels in these regions would be essential for shaping dietary choices. (2) Government Policy Prioritization for Low-Income Communities : Considering the relatively low demand or consumption of meat, it's recommended that government policies related to food and nutrition prioritize low-income groups. To ensure that various segments of the population benefit, the government should encourage efforts towards achieving selfsufficiency in animal protein production. This diversification of food sources represents a significant responsibility for provincial governments. (3) Promoting Food Diversification through Education and Campaigns : Diversifying food sources should involve campaigns and education about varied, nutritious, and safe consumption practices. Since this also involves behavioral aspects, policies for food consumption development should become a mass movement involving not only the government but also the entire community. In conclusion, these recommendations underscore the importance of income growth, targeted policies, and community involvement in shaping healthier and more diverse food consumption patterns in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara.

Item Type:	Thesis (Magister)
Identification Number:	052304
Divisions:	S2/S3 > Magister Ekonomi Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian
Depositing User:	Unnamed user with username chikyta
Date Deposited:	11 Jan 2024 07:30
Last Modified:	11 Jan 2024 07:30
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/208530

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