Maulana, Chamim Rizaldi and Hery Toiba and Dr. Fahriyah (2022) Analisis Permintaan Pangan Hewani di Jawa Timur. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Pola konsumsi pangan hewani di Indonesia masih didominasi kelompok pangan nabati. Mendominasinya konsumsi kelompok pangan nabati dibandingkan dengan kelompok pangan hewani terjadi karena pangan protein hewani lebih terjangkau dari pada pangan protein hewani. Selain itu pendapatan masyarakat yang masih rendah menyebabkan masyarakat lebih memilih protein nabati dibandingkan protein hewani. Pola konsumsi di tingkat Nasional (Indonesia) yang didominasi protein nabati, juga terjadi di tingkat daerah yaitu di Jawa Timur. Pola konsumsi di Provinsi Jawa Timur juga masih didominasi jenis makanan padi-padian dimana sekitar 11,5% digunakan untuk pengeluaran padi-padian sedangkan untuk konsumsi protein hewani seperti daging, ikan, dan susu/telur 4,7%, 5,9%, 5,65% dari semua total pengeluaran untuk makanan (BPS, 2017). Pemerintah Provinsi Jatim perlu membuat kebijakan tentang harga komoditi pangan hewani sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan akses masyarakat terhadap komoditi pangan hewani dan juga meningkatkan konsumsi pangan hewani. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) Menganalisis pengaruh harga, pendapatan dan karakteristik demografi terhadap tingkat konsumsi pangan hewani rumah tangga di Jawa Timur; 2) Menganalisis elastisitas pengeluaran dan elastisitas harga dalam permintaan pangan rumahtangga di Jawa Timur; 3) Menganalisis perbedaan elastisitas pengeluaran dan elastisitas harga pada berbagai kelompok rumahtangga di Jawa Timur. Penentuan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara sengaja (purposive) yaitu di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Lokasi ini dipilih dengan mempertimbangkan bahwa Provinsi Jawa Timur memiliki jumlah rumah tangga yang relatif banyak yang tersebar diwilayah administratif perkotaan dan pedesaan (BPS, 2018). Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 2018 dari Badan Pusat Statistika (BPS). Komoditas yang dipilih dalam penelitian ini adalah komoditas pangan hewani yang terdiri dari daging sapi, daging ayam ras, daging kambing, telur, susu, ikan. Penelitian ini menerapkan model system permintaan quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) untuk menganalisis bagaimana rumah tangga mengambil keputusan untuk mengonsumsi pangan hewani. Model permintaan QUIDS dipilih karena model permintaan ini dapat menangkap informasi mengenai data demografis seperti perbedaan wilayah, sehingga menjaga variasi struktur preferensi dan keheterogenan antar rumahtangga. Elastisitas permintaan digunakan untuk mengukur perubahan permintaan pangan hewani. Perubahan elastisitas permintaan disebabkan oleh perubahan harga suatu komoditi pangan hewani (elastisitas harga sendiri), perubahan pendapatan atau pengeluaran rumah tangga (elastisitas pengeluaran) dan perubahan harga komoditas pangan hewani lainnya. Konsumsi protein hewani rumah tangga di wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan provinsi Jawa Timur memiliki rata rata yang relatif berbeda. Rata-rata konsumsi protein hewani menggambarkan bahwa rata-rata keseluruhan konsumsi protein hewani perkotaan relatif lebih tinggi dibanding dengan rata-rata konsumsi pedesaan. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa rumah tangga di perkotaan berusaha untuk mencukupi kebutuhan protein hewani bagi anggota keluarga dengan didukung tingkat pendapatan yang lebih tinggi dari pada pedesaan. Komoditas protein hewani ikan yang lebih banyak di konsumsi oleh rumah tangga pedesaan dan perkotaan, sedangkan susu adalah kmoditas yang paling rendah konsumsinya di wilayah perkotaan dan pedesaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa variable harga sendiri, harga komoditas lain, pendapatan, dan karakteristik demografi (jumlah anggota rumahtangga dan karakteristik demografi (jumlah anggota rumahtangga dan wilayah desa atau kota) pada masing-masing komoditas pangan hewani berpengaruh terhadap share pengeluaran daging, ikan, telur, dan susu, kecuali variable jumlah anggota rumahtangga yang tidak signifikan terhadap share pengeluaran susu. Semua komoditi pangan hewani termasuk barang normal berdasarkan nilai elastisitas pengeluaran, kecuali komoditas telur yang termasuk barang inferior. Nilai elastisitas harga bernilai negative dan menunjukan bahwa keempat komoditas termasuk barang yang inelastis. Elastisitas harga silang kelompok pangan hewani di Jawa Timur menunjukan terdapat hubungan saling melengkapi atau komplementer dan. saling menggantikan atau substitusi antar komoditi pangan hewani. Perbandingan elastisitas pengeluaran dan harga (sendiri atau sialng) di perkotaan dan pedesaan di Provinsi Jawa Timur tidak jauh berbeda. Beberapa komoditas pangan hewani di wilayah perkotaan memiliki nilai elastisitas yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan pedesaan. Pendapatan rumah tangga di provinsi Jawa Timur memberikan pengaruh yang lebih besar daripada harga komoditas dalam menentukan pilihan konsumsi pangan hewani. Kebijakan pendapatan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dari rumah tangga dinilai lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan kebijakan harga. Walaupun kebijakan pendapatan lebih efektif, kebijakan harga juga perlu diterapkan guna mengantisipasi peningkatan harga-harga komoditas yang terlalu tinggi yang dapat menurunkan kemampuan rumah tangga dalam mengakses komoditi pangan hewani tersebut. Usaha untuk meningkatkan konsumsi pangan hewani masyarakat guna meningkatkan difersivikasi pangan juga dapat dilakukan dengan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat.
English Abstract
The pattern of animal food consumption in Indonesia is still dominated by the vegetable food group which can be proven from the 2018 BPS data on expenditure data for the food goods group, the largest expenditure is still intended for consumption of grains by 10.9%, while for consumption of animal protein such as fish, meat, eggs and milk by 7.9%, 5.9%, and 5.5%, respectively. The dominance of consumption of the grain food group compared to the animal food group occurs because animal protein foods are more affordable than animal protein foods. In addition, people's incomes are still low, causing people to prefer vegetable protein to animal protein. Consumption patterns at the national (Indonesian) level, which are dominated by vegetable protein, also occur at the regional level, namely in East Java. The consumption pattern in East Java Province is also still dominated by the type of grain food where around 11.5% is used for grain production while for consumption of animal protein such as meat, fish, and milk/eggs 4.7%, 5.9%, 5.65% of all total expenditure on food (BPS, 2017). The East Java Provincial Government needs to make policies on animal food commodity prices as an effort to increase public access to animal food commodities and also increase animal food consumption. Based on this, the objectives of this study are: 1) To analyze the effect of price, income and demographic characteristics on the level of household animal food consumption in East Java; 2) Analyzing the expenditure elasticity and price elasticity in household food demand in East Java; 3) Analyzing differences in expenditure elasticity and price elasticity in various household groups in East Java. The location of the research was determined purposively, namely in East Java Province. This location was chosen taking into account that East Java Province has a relatively large number of households spread across urban and rural administrative areas (BPS, 2018). The data used in this study is secondary data from the 2018 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The commodities selected in this study are animal food commodities consisting of beef, broiler meat, goat meat, eggs, milk, fish. This study applies a quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) model to analyze how households make decisions to consume animal food. The QUIDS demand model was chosen because this demand model can capture information about demographic data such as regional differences, thereby maintaining variations in the preference structure and heterogeneity between households. The elasticity of demand is used to measure changes in the demand for animal food. Changes in the elasticity of demand are caused by changes in the price of an animal food commodity (self-price elasticity), changes in household income or expenditure (expenditure elasticity) and changes in prices of other animal food commodities. Household animal protein consumption in urban and rural areas of East Java province has a relatively different average. The average consumption of animal protein illustrates that the overall average consumption of urban animal protein is relatively higher than the average consumption of rural areas. This indicates that households in urban areas are trying to meet the needs of animal protein for family members supported by higher income levels than in rural areas. Fish animal protein is the most consumed commodity by rural and urban households, while milk is the commodity with the lowest consumption in urban and rural areas. The results showed that the variables own price, prices of other commodities, income, and demographic characteristics (number of household members and demographic characteristics (number of household members and village or city area) in each animal food commodity had an effect on the share of expenditure on meat, fish, eggs , and milk, except for the variable number of household members which is not significant to the share of milk expenditure All animal food commodities are normal goods based on the value of expenditure elasticity, except for eggs which are classified as inferior goods. The value of price elasticity is negative and shows that the four commodities are inelastic goods. The cross-price elasticity of animal food groups in East Java shows that there is a complementary relationship. interchange or substitution between animal food commodities. Comparison of the elasticity of expenditure and prices (own or cross) in urban and rural areas in East Java Province is not much different. Some animal food commodities in urban areas have higher elasticity values when compared to rural areas. Household income in East Java province has a greater influence than commodity prices in determining animal food consumption choices. Income policies aimed at increasing household income are considered more effective than price policies. Although income policies are more effective, price policies also need to be implemented in order to anticipate the increase in commodity prices that are too high which can reduce the ability of households to access these animal food commodities. Efforts to increase people's animal food consumption in order to increase food diversification can also be carried out by socializing to the community.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0423040004 |
| Subjects: | 300 Social sciences > 338 Production > 338.1 Agriculture |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Ekonomi Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 05 Jun 2023 03:23 |
| Last Modified: | 05 Jun 2023 03:23 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/200685 |
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