Muhammad, Faiz Nashiruddin and Akhmad Rizali,, SP., MSi., Ph.D. and Prof. Dr. Ir. Bambang Tri Rahardjo,, SU. (2022) Struktur Komunitas Semut Pada Perkebunan Kopi Di Hutan Pendidikan Ub: Hubungan Dengan Hama Dan Penyakit Tanaman Kopi. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Semut adalah serangga yang sangat penting di agroekosistem. Peranannya yang beragam dari yang menguntungkan seperti agen pengendali hayati, polinator, pembentuk tanah hingga merugikan seperti vektor patogen dan pemakan embun madu tropobion sangat menentukan keberlangsungan agroekosistem. Salah satu komoditas pertanian yang diuntungkan dengan keberadaan semut adalah kopi. Budidaya kopi tidak terlepas dari serangan hama dan penyakit. Hama yang umumnya menyerang tanaman kopi adalah penggerek buah kopi Hypothenemus hampei, kutu hijau Coccus viridis, kutu dompolan Planococcus citri, dan penggerek ranting Xylosandrus compactus. Sedangkan penyakit yang banyak menyerang tanaman kopi adalah karat daun yang disebabkan oleh jamur Hemileia vastatrix. Penelitian tentang hubungan semut dengan hama dan penyakit tanaman kopi sudah pernah dilakukan terutama di daerah Amerika Selatan. Azteca spp. sebagai semut dominan yang dapat berinteraksi positif maupun negatif terhadap hama dan penyakit pada tanaman kopi. Dalam hal pengendalian hama dan penyakit, keanekaragaman dan identitas spesies semut dapat memberikan dampak yang berbeda. Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan bahwa semakin tinggi keanekaragaman akan semakin menekan hama dan penyakit. Namun, beberapa penelitian juga membuktikan bahwa keberadaan suatu spesies dalam suatu komunitas lebih memberikan dampak terhadap hama dan penyakit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman, struktur komunitas semut, dan interaksi antara semut, hama, dan penyakit pada tanaman kopi. Penelitian dilakukan dari Desember 2020 hingga Maret 2021 dengan rincian penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan mulai Desember 2020 hingga Februari 2021 dan penelitian utama dilakukan mulai Novembe 2021 hingga Maret 2021. Seluruh kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan di area Hutan Pendidikan UB. Pada penelitian pendahuluan, pengambilan sampel semut di tiga plot perkebunan kopi Hutan Pendidikan UB dilakukan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman semut dengan metode visual, fogging, dan pitfall. Pada penelitian utama, pengambilan sampel semut juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan struktur komunitas semut. Pengamatan keanekaragaman dan mosaik semut dilakukan dengan metode visual, perangkap umpan tuna dan perangkap umpan hidup. Untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas semut juga dilakukan pengamatan sarang semut setiap pohon. Pengamatan dengan metode visual dan perangkap umpan tuna dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali, sedangkan metode perangkap umpan hidup hanya dilakukan sekali selama penelitian. Setelah itu, dilakukan pengamatan intensitas hama dan penyakit dengan interval minimal dua minggu. Pengamatan intensitas karat daun, penggerek ranting, dan PBKo dilakukan dengan mengamati empat cabang sampel per pohon. Jumlah daun bergejala karat daun dibagi total daun lalu dikalikan 100%. Intensitas penggerek ranting diamati dengan membagi jumlah ranting bergejala dengan total ranting lalu dikalikan 100%. Intensitas serangan PBKo juga dihitung dengan membagi antara buah kopi terserang dengan total buah kopi lalu dibagi 100%. Spesies hemiptera tropobion juga diamati viii per pohon. Pengamatan intensitas serangan hama dan penyakit serta kehadiran tropobion dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali. Keanekaragaman semut pada tahun, lahan, dan metode yang berbeda dianalisis dengan membandingkan jumlah spesies dan kemiripan komposisinya . Analisis kemiripan komposisi spesies dilakukan dengan analisis Anosim (Analysis of Similarity). Pola struktur komunitas semut serta hemiptera tropobion dianalisis koeksistensinya dengan analisis Co-occurence berdasarkan index C-score. Pengaruh semut dominan dan hemiptera tropobion terhadap intensitas karat daun, penggerek ranting, dan PBKo dianalisis dengan analisis GLM (Generalized Linear Model). Selain itu, perbedaan intensitas serangan hama dan penyakit di setiap lahan dianalisis dengan analisis ragam (Anova). Jika ditemukan hasil yang signifikan maka dilanjutkan uji BNT dengan taraf 5%. Analisis dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak Rstatistic dengan tambahan package vegan, agricolae, dan EcoSimR. Total spesies yang didapatkan selama penelitian berjumlah 33 spesies dengan rincian 23 spesies di periode pertama dan 21 spesies di periode kedua. Komposisi spesies pada periode dan lahan yang berbeda menunjukkan adanya kemiripan. Komposisi spesies semut lebih dipengaruhi oleh metode yang dilakukan. Pada analisis pola mosaik semut, ditemukan lima spesies semut dominan berdasarkan kriteria-kriteria yang ada yaitu D. thoracicus, Camponotus sp.3, Crematogaster sp.1, T. albipes, dan Tetraponera sp.1. Berdasarkan hasil analisis co-occurence ditemukan bahwa mayoritas semut dalam subkomunitas bersegregasi. Dari 18 subkomunitas, sembilan diantaranya terjadi segregasi, empat agregasi, dan sisanya berpola acak. Pada analisis hubungan antara semut dan hemiptera tropobion dengan hama penyakit kopi. Kehadiran semut D. thoracicus dapat mengurangi intensitas serangan penggerek ranting. Kehadiran C. viridis dapat menambah intensitas serangan karat daun dan penggerek ranting. Sedangkan kehadiran Flatidae spp. dan Aphidae spp. dapat menambah intensitas serangan penggerek ranting dan PBKo
English Abstract
Ants are very important insects in agroecosystems. Its various roles from beneficial such as biological control agents, pollinators, soil-forming to harmful such as pathogenic vectors and trophobion honeydew eaters greatly determine the sustainability of the agroecosystem. One of the agricultural commodities that get benefit from the presence of ants is coffee. Coffee cultivation gets disturbed from pests and diseases. Pests that commonly attack coffee plants are the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei, the green scale Coccus viridis, citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, and the coffee twig borer Xylosandrus compactus. While the disease that mostly attacks coffee plants is leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix fungus. Research on the relationship of ants to pests and diseases of coffee plants has been carried out, especially in South America. Azteca spp. as dominant ants can interact positively or negatively with pests and diseases on coffee plants. In terms of pest and disease control, the diversity and identity of ant species can have different impacts. Several studies say that the higher the diversity, the more pests and diseases will be suppressed. However, several studies have also proven that the presence of a species in a community has a greater impact on pests and diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity, community structure of ants, and the interaction between ants, pests, and diseases in coffee plants. The research was conducted from December 2020 to March 2022 with details of the preliminary research carried out from December 2020 to February 2021 and the main research was carried out from November 2021 to March 2022. All research activities was carried out in the UB Forest area. In the preliminary study, sampling of ants in three plots of UB Forest coffee plantation was carried out to determine the diversity of ants using visual observation, fogging, and pitfall trap. In the main research, ant sampling was also carried out to determine the diversity and structure of the ant community. Observation of ant diversity and mosaic was done by visual observation, tuna bait trap and live prey trap. To determine the structure of the ant community, the ant nests were observed for each tree. Observations with the visual method and the tuna bait trap were carried out three times, while the live prey trap method was only carried out once during the study. The intensity of pests and diseases was also observed with interval of at least two weeks. Observations on the attack intensity of leaf rust, twig borer, and CBB were carried out by observing four sample branches per tree. The number of leaves with leaf rust symptoms was divided by the total number of leaves and then multiplied by 100%. The intensity of the twig borer was observed by dividing the number of symptomatic branches by the total number of twigs and then multiplied by 100%. The intensity of CBB attack was also calculated by dividing the affected coffee fruit by the total number of coffee fruit and then multiplied by 100%. Trophobion hemipteran species were also observed per tree. Observations on the intensity of pest and disease attacks and the presence of trophobion were carried out three times. Ant diversity in different periods, fields, and methods were x analyzed by comparing the number of species and similarity in composition. Analysis of the similarity of species composition was carried out by analysis of Anosim (Analysis of Similarity). The pattern of ant community structure and trophobiont hemipteran were analyzed for coexistence by Co-occurence analysis based on the C-score index. The effect of dominant ants and trophobiont hemipteran on the intensity of leaf rust, twig borer, and CBB was analyzed using GLM (Generalized Linear Model) analysis. In addition, differences in the intensity of pest and disease attacks in each field were analyzed by analysis of variance (Anova). If significant results are found, the HSD test is continued with a 5% level. The analysis was carried out using the Rstatistic software with the addition of vegan, agricolae, and EcoSimR packages. The total species obtained during the study was 33 species with details of 23 species in first period and 21 species in second period. The composition of species in different periods and different plot shows similarities. The composition of the ant species is more influenced by the method used. In the analysis of the ant mosaic pattern, five dominant ant species were found based on the existing criteria, namely D. thoracicus, Camponotus sp.3, Crematogaster sp.1, T. albipes, and Tetraponera sp.1. Based on the results of the co-occurence analysis, majority of ants in the sub-community were segregated. Of the 18 sub-communities, nine of them were segregated, four were aggregation, and the rest had random patterns. In the analysis of the relationship between ants and trophobiont hemipteran with coffee pests. The presence of D. thoracicus ants can reduce the intensity of twig borer attacks. The presence of C. viridis can increase the intensity of leaf rust and twig borer attacks. While the presence of Flatidae spp. and Aphidae spp. can increase the intensity of twig borer and CBB attacks
Other obstract
-
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0422040025 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 630 Agriculture and related technologies |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Ekonomi Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 18 Nov 2022 01:28 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Nov 2022 01:28 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/196387 |
![[thumbnail of DALAM MASA EMBARGO]](http://repository.ub.ac.id/style/images/fileicons/text.png) |
Text (DALAM MASA EMBARGO)
FAIZ NASHIRUDDIN MUHAMMAD.pdf Restricted to Registered users only until 31 December 2024. Download (4MB) |
Actions (login required)
 |
View Item |