Silvianingsih, Yosefin Ari and Prof. Ir. Kurniatun Hairiah,, Ph.D and Prof. Ir. Didik Suprayogo,, M.Sc., Ph.D and Prof. Meine Van Noordwijk, - (2022) Agroforestry Systems In Wet Land: Soil Quality According To Local Ecological Knowledge And Scientific Ecological Knowledge. Doktor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Isu lingkungan di lahan basah, terutama di Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia, adalah perusakan lahan gambut. Salah satu alasannya adalah skala besar kegiatan pertanian yang dibangun pada 1990-an dan gagal, yaitu Proyek Beras Mega (EMRP). EMRP melibatkan pembangunan over-drainase dan merupakan salah satu pemicu untuk kebakaran lahan gambut setiap tahun (paling luas pada tahun 2015). Kondisi ini berkontribusi pada perubahan iklim global, meningkatkan emisi CO2, menurunkan fungsi hidrologi lahan gambut, dan mengganggu kesehatan manusia akibat polutan yang terkandung dalam asap. Kebakaran hutan dan lahan gambut dipicu oleh kekeringan lahan akibat penurunan di permukaan air tanah dan dukungan dari musim kemarau yang panjang, dan kemudian muka air tanah merupakan faktor yang paling kritis bagi lahan gambut. orang indonesia pemerintah berupaya memulihkan lahan gambut melalui Badan Restorasi Gambut (BRG) dan menetapkan regulasi untuk mengembalikan fungsi hidrologis lahan gambut. Kalimantan Tengah (Kabupaten Pulang Pisau) merupakan salah satu daerah prioritas Indonesia untuk restorasi. Kegiatan pertanian yaitu agroforestri di Kabupaten Pulang Pisau adalah pendukung utama perekonomiannya. Sistem agroforestri adalah sistem komunitas strategi pengelolaan lahan gambut berbasis skala petak yang dikelola dengan lokal pengetahuan dan dukungan dalam kebijakan pemerintah melalui BRG
English Abstract
An environmental issue in wetlands, mainly in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, is the destruction of peatlands. One of the reasons is the large-scale agricultural activity built in the 1990s and failed, namely the Mega Rice Project (EMRP). EMRP involves over-drainage development and is one of the triggers for peatland fires every year (most extensive in 2015). These conditions contribute to global climate change, increase CO2 emissions, decrease the hydrological function of peatlands, and disturb human health due to pollutants contained in smoke. Forest and peatland fires are triggered by land drought due to a decrease in the groundwater level and support from the long dry season, and then the groundwater level is the most critical factor for peatlands. The Indonesian government seeks to restore peatlands through the Peat Restoration Agency (BRG) and establish regulations to restore the hydrological function of peatland. Central Kalimantan (Pulang Pisau Regency) is one of Indonesia's priority areas for restoration. Agricultural activity, namely agroforestry in Pulang Pisau Regency, is a prominent supporter of its economy. The agroforestry system is a community- based peatland management strategy on a plot scale managed with local knowledge and support in government policies through the BRG. The research aims to evaluate: 1). Diversity of soil quality through local ecological knowledge 2). Soil quality based on scientific ecological knowledge 3). Social impact of local farmers after the ban on burning 4). Diversity of plant species that are beneficial to local people's lives 5). Ground water level and litter decomposition rate. This research is entirely located in Pulang Pisau Regency, with the implementation time in May 2017-January 2019 (first, second, and third research). The first phase of the research (Study of local ecological knowledge on soil quality) was carried out in five villages (Pilang, Henda, Sakakajang in Jabiren Raya District), Gohong and Ajir Pulang Pisau in Kahayan Hilir District). The second x and third stages of the research (Study of Soil Quality in Scientific Ecological Knowledge and Litter Decomposition Rates) were carried out in Henda Village. The first phase of research shows that the agroforestry managed by Dayak Ngaju farmers (Kaleka agroforest) is more than a century. Local farmers start land management from the banks of the Kahayan river (both on the right and left sides of the river) and have a close relationship with the fallow period in farming activities. Farmers are currently expanding their cultivation on deeper peat (with increasing distance from river banks) due to the lack of arable land, while the population is increasing. Land management based on local ecological knowledge is passed down from generation to generation with indicators such as crops, land position, soil fertility, peat thickness, affordability, and flood-free. Local farmers do not cultivate peatland but shallow peat <20-50 cm, with a clay layer. However, the peat layer has been depleted due to land cultivation, so the soil no longer contains peat (cooking peat) which is also known as petak asli, petak murni. Local farmers are shifting cultivators, who clear land by slashing and burning, so it is considered one of the causes of fires on peatlands. Since the ban on burning, there has been no shifting cultivation. The prohibition of burning is a challenge for changes in agricultural patterns because it has implications for agricultural culture and traditions that can no longer be followed. Farmers who used to be rice sellers are now rice buyers. Most farmers have been looking for work outside of agriculture by working as laborers in oil palm plantations or other jobs (at the time this research was conducted, they were involved in BRG projects in the village, such as the canals blocking and boreholes). The second stage of research can explain that the Kaleka agroforest as a cultural heritage of the Ngaju Dayak tribe provides ecosystem services in the form of food, wood, medicine, and carbon stocks, while the soil in the Kaleka agroforest physically supports plant growth. Tree diversity at (plot-level) contributes to the health of the peat hydrological area. Fruit agroforests (FAFo) function to support the groundwater table with an average of -33 cm, while Old Rubber Agroforests (RAFo) function to support groundwater levels by an average of -50 cm. According to government regulations for peatlands, the groundwater level in FAFo can exceed -40 cm. Thus, the Kaleka agroforest is in line with the government's goal of restoring a peat landscape that supports the hydrological function of wetting peatlands. The soil is healthy, which is also indicated by the abundance of the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus. Although Kaleka agroforest shows low soil pH xi (3.5 – 4), high Alexch concentration, active tree regeneration indicates sustainability in Kaleka agroforest. The third phase of the study was a litter transfer trial whose results showed a strong positive Home Field Advantage (HFA) (about 80%) when litter from other sources was tested in the FAFo plot. The ratio of lignin plus polyphenolics and nitrogen accounted for 40% of the variance in decomposition constant kd. Although litter residence time in wet agroforestry supports litter stocks greater than annual litter, it is still well below the threshold for peat formation. Kaleka Agroforest, which is more than a century old, supports rewetting and restoration of the peatland, protect peat dome from drying and fire, but based on litter residence time data, does not contribute to the formation of peat.
Other obstract
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| Item Type: | Thesis (Doktor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0622040009 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 630 Agriculture and related technologies |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Aug 2022 02:48 |
| Last Modified: | 02 Aug 2022 02:48 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/192947 |
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