Rahayu, Yekti Sri and Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatik Wardiyati,, MS and Prof. Dr. Ir. Moch. Dawam Maghfoer,, MS. and Prof. Ir. Eko Handayanto,, M.Sc., Ph.D (2021) Pengendalian Pb Untuk Keamanan Pangan Tanaman Sayuran. Doktor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Pb merupakan salah satu logam berat yang banyak mendapat perhatian karena toksisitasnya membahayakan bagi lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia. Pb diklasifikasikan sebagai pemicu karsinogenik bagi manusia dan juga hewan. Pra- survey menunjukkan bahwa di beberapa tanah pertanian di Kecamatan Poncokusumo Kabupaten Malang menunjukkan adanya kadar logam Pb dengan kisaran antara 7.86-10.20 mg/kg. Paparan logam Pb di lahan pertanian tersebut cukup rendah, namun beberapa sampel tanaman sayuran yang diambil secara acak dilokasi tersebut menunjukkan adanya konsentrasi Pb dalam tanaman dengan kisaran 26.51- 31.72 mg/kg dimana level tersebut melebihi batas yang diperbolehkan menurut standar nasional di Indonesia (0.5 mg/kg). Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka penting untuk dikaji dari mana sumber-sumber Pb dapat mencemari tanaman sayuran dan bagaimana upaya meminimalisir paparan Pb di lahan hortikultura. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: mengidentifikasi tingkat kontaminasi Pb di tanah pertanian sentra produksi hortikultura khususnya di Kecamatan Poncokusumo dan tingkat kontaminasi Pb pada sayuran, serta potensi kadar Pb berbagai input produksi yang digunakan; mengkaji pengaruh pestisida dan pupuk terhadap akumulasi Pb dalam organ tanaman sayuran khususnya di bagian yang dapat dikonsumsi (edible part); mengkaji potensi penggunaan Crotalaria juncea L. dalam meminimalisir kontaminasi Pb pada tanah dan tanaman sayuran yang ditanam melalui sistem tumpangsari; dan mengkaji penggunaan bahan agrokimia (pestisida dan pupuk) rendah Pb atau tanpa Pb (low input) untuk meminimalisir kontaminasi Pb pada tanaman sayuran. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam 3 (tiga) tahap yaitu tahap survey: identifikasi kadar Pb input produksi dan tanah, serta jenis sayuran yang berpotensi tinggi dalam akumulasi logam Pb di lahan hortikultura intensif dalam penggunaan bahan agrokimia khususnya di tiga desa sentra produksi sayuran kecamatan Poncokusumo. Tahap kedua yaitu percobaan uji akumulasi Pb pada beberapa tanaman sayuran dari penggunaan pupuk dan pestisida. Pelaksanaan percobaan tahap kedua menggunakan Rancangan Petak Terbagi, dengan tiga ulangan terdiri atas petak utama berupa aplikasi sumber Pb (yang berasal dari pestisida campuran, pupuk, Pb(NO3)2 dan kontrol) dan anak petak berupa jenis sayuran (sayuran daun dan sayuran buah), dan dianalisis menggunakan Analisis of Varian dilanjutkan Uji BNJ taraf 5%. Tahap ketiga adalah percobaan upaya minimalisir Pb untuk keamanan pangan tanaman sayuran, terbagi dalam dua percobaan yaitu percobaan 3.1 adalah upaya meminimalisir kadar Pb pada tanah dan tanaman sayuran melalui sistim tumpangsari dengan Crotalaria juncea L.. Percobaan ketiga tahap pertama disusun menggunakan Rancangan Acak kelompok dengan 5 kali ulangan terdiri atas perlakuan monokultur sayuran daun (P1), monokultur sayuran buah (P2), monokultur tanaman akumulator Pb Crotalaria juncea (P3), tumpangsari tanaman sayuran daun dan Crotalaria juncea L (P4), dan tumpangsari tanaman sayuran buah dan Crotalaria juncea L. (P5), dianalisis dengan Analisis of Varian dilanjutkan dengan Uji Orthogonal Kontras taraf 5%. Percobaan ketiga tahap kedua (3.2) yaitu pengaruh penggunaan pupuk dan x pestisida rendah Pb dalam meminimalisir kadar Pb pada dua jenis tanaman sayuran.Percobaan ketiga tahap kedua disusun menggunakan Rancangan Split Spilt Plot, dengan tiga kali ulangan terdiri atas petak utama yaitu tipe tanaman sayuran (sayuran daun dan sayuran buah); Anak petak yaitu aplikasi pestisida rendah Pb dan tanpa Pb; dan anak anak petak yaitu aplikasi pupuk rendah Pb dan tanpa Pb, selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan Analisis of Varian dilanjutkan dengan Uji BNJ taraf 5%. Analisis kadar Pb tanah dan tanaman dengan menggunakan alat Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Sedangkan akumulasi logam dalam tanaman dihitung dengan mengalikan biomassa tanaman dan konsentrasi logam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diantara tiga wilayah pusat sayur di Poncokusumo, kadar Pb tanah pertanian desa Wonorejo paling tinggi yaitu 11.35- 11.62 mg/kg. Sebaran ini masih berada di bawah ambang batas Pb tanah (100 ppm). Sementara itu, kadar Pb beberapa sayuran yang dibudidayakan berkisar 26,51-33,45 mg/kg, dimana kisaran ini melebihi batas maksimum cemaran Pb untuk buah dan sayur (0.5 mg/kg) menurut SNI 7378: 2009. Aplikasi pestisida yang intensif pada tanaman yang ditanam di tanah terkontaminasi Pb rendah, dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi Pb pada tajuk tanaman sayuran daun petsai dan sayuran buah buncis. Demikian pula pemberian pupuk fosfat berkadar Pb dan pemberian Pb(NO3)2 pada tanaman yang ditanam di tanah terkontaminasi Pb rendah, dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi Pb pada akar tanaman petsai dan buncis. Tanaman orok-orok (Crotalaria juncea L.) yang ditanam secara tumpangsari dengan petsai dan buncis menurunkan serapan Pb berturut-turut sebesar 21% untuk krop petsai dan 76% untuk buah buncis. Penanaman tanaman orok-orok (C. juncea L.) secara monokultur maupun tumpangsari juga menurunkan konsentrasi Pb tersedia dan Pb total dalam tanah menjadi tidak terdeteksi (Pb 0 mg/kg). Pengendalian Pb dengan pestisida dan pupuk tanpa Pb pada sayuran petsai dan buncis yang dibudidayakan intensif di tanah pertanian terkontaminasi Pb rendah, menurunkan kadar Pb organ tanaman yang dikonsumsi,yaitu krop petsai sebesar 0,38 mg/kg dan buah buncis sebesar 0,56 mg/kg, dimana nilai ini berada di bawah ambang batas sesuai SNI, menjamin keamanan pangan sayuran. Penanaman sayuran secara tumpangsari dengan Crotalaria juncea L. yang ditunjang dengan aplikasi pupuk dan pestisida tanpa Pb dapat digunakan sebagai teknologi dalam memproduksi sayuran di tanah pertanian untuk meningkatkan keamanan pangan sayuran dari kontaminasi Pb
English Abstract
Lead is one of the heavy metals that receives a lot of attention because of its toxicity which is harmful to the environment and human health. Lead is classified as a carcinogenic trigger for humans and animals. Preliminary survey results in several agricultural lands in the District of Poncokusumo Malang Regency showed that the Pb metal content was in the range of 7.86-10.20 mg/kg. Pb metal exposure on this farm is indeed quite low, but a number of samples of vegetable crops randomly taken at the location showed the concentration of Pb with a range of 26.51-31.72 mg/kg where the level exceeded the limit according to national standards in Indonesia (0.5 mg/kg). In this case, it is important to study from where and how Pb sources can contaminate vegetable crops and how to control Pb exposure in horticultural land. This study aimed to identify the level of Pb contamination in agricultural land in horticultural production centers, especially in Poncokusumo District and the level of Pb contamination in vegetables, as well as the potential Pb levels of various production inputs; assess the effect of pesticides and Pb-containing fertilizers on the accumulation of Pb in vegetable crops; assess the potential use of Crotalaria juncea L. to minimize the accumulation of Pb in soil and vegetable crops in intercropping systems; and assess the effect of the use of low Pb agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) in minimizing the accumulation of Pb in vegetable crops to ensure the food safety. The research was conducted in 3 (three) phases: The first phase of the research was survey research: identification of production inputs that potentially contain Pb and selection of high-potential vegetable species in the accumulation of Pb in Poncokusumo horticultural land. The second phase of the research was the study of the accumulation of Pb in several vegetable crops from the use of fertilizers and pesticides. The second phase research used a Split Plot Design, with three replications consisting of the main plot in the form of Pb source application (which came from pesticides, fertilizers, Pb (NO3)2 and control) and subplots in the form of vegetable type (leaf vegetables and fruit vegetables). The data obtained were subjected to Analysis of Variants followed by HSD Test at 5% level. The third phase of the study was minimizing Pb for food safety of vegetable crops, which were divided into two experiments, namely experiment 3.1: Minimizing Pb content in soil and vegetable crops through intercropping systems with Crotalaria juncea L. Treatments tested in experiment 3.1 were: P1= monoculture og leaf vegetable (Brassica rapa Pekinensis), P2= monoculture of fruit vegetable (Phasoulus vulgaris), P3=monoculture of Crotalaria juncea L. as Pb accumulator plant (P3), P4= intercropping of leaf vegetable plants (Brassica rapa Pekinensis) and Crotalaria juncea L., and P5= intercropping of fruit vegetable plants (Phasoulus vulgaris) and Crotalaria juncea L. The five treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replication. The data obtained subjected to Analysis of Variants followed by Orthogonal Test of Contrast level of 5%. The experiment 3.2: The effect of the use of low Pb fertilizers and pesticides in minimizing the accumulation of Pb in vegetable crops. The experiment 3.2 was arranged in a Split Split Plot Design with three replications consisting of the main plot, namely the type of vegetable plant (leaf vegetable and fruit vegetable); The xii subplots was the application of pesticide with low and without Pb content; and sub sub plots were the application of fertilizer with low and without Pb content. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variants followed by HSD Test at 5% level. Determination of Pb concentration using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). While Pb accumulation in plant is calculated by multiplying plant biomass and Pb concentration. The results showed that among the three vegetables center in Poncokusumo-subdistrict, the highest Pb concentration of agricultural land in Wonorejo village was 11.35 to11.62 mg/kg. This distribution is still below the threshold (100 ppm). Meanwhile, the average Pb concentration of several types of vegetables growing in the area ranged from 26.51 to 33.45 mg/kg, the average was above the maximum limit of Pb contamination in fruits and vegetables that is 0.5 mg/kg according to SNI 7378: 2009. Intensive application of pesticide in plants grown in low Pb contaminated soil, can increase the Pb concentration in shoot of Chinese cabbage and fruit of green beans. Application of Pb-containing phosphate fertilizer and Pb(NO3)2, on Chinese cabbage and green bean grown in low Pb contaminated soil, can also increase Pb concentration in root. Orok-orok plant (Crotalaria juncea L.) which was intercropped with Chinese cabbage and beans reduce Pb uptake by 21% for Chinese cabbage heads and 76% for fruit beans. Cultivation of intercropping of orok-orok plants (C. juncea L.) on vegetables crop and C. juncea L. monoculture decreased the concentration of available Pb and total Pb in the soil became undetected, compared to planting of monoculture Chinese cabbage and beans. Application of pesticides and fertilizers without Pb- containing reduced Pb uptake in Chinese cabbage and beans grown in low Pb contaminated soil, respectively 0,38 mg/kg in crop heads of Chinese cabbage and 0,56 mg/kg in fruit of beans, where the value was below the SNI threshold (0.5 mg/kg), so making it safe for consumption. Intercropping of vegetables with Crotalaria juncea L. supported by the application of fertilizers and pesticides without Pb content can be used as an alternative in vegetable production technology on agricultural land to maintain food safety of vegetables from Pb contamination
Other obstract
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| Item Type: | Thesis (Doktor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0620040004 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 630 Agriculture and related technologies |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Aug 2022 02:17 |
| Last Modified: | 11 Dec 2023 04:03 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/192938 |
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