Krisnawati, Ayda (2021) Evaluasi Stabilitas Ketahanan Pecah Polong dan Peluang Pengembangannya pada Tanaman Kedelai. Doktor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Pecah polong merupakan salah satu masalah budidaya kedelai di Indonesia yang dapat mengakibatkan kehilangan hasil yang signifikan. Varietas tahan pecah polong merupakan alternatif paling efisien dan memungkinkan dalam mengurangi kehilangan hasil akibat pecah polong. Peningkatan ketahanan kedelai terhadap pecah polong ditentukan oleh ketersediaan keragaman genetik, pengetahuan tentang faktor penentu ketahanan, dan metode seleksi yang efisien. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Mengidentifikasi karakter penentu ketahanan kedelai terhadap pecah polong berdasarkan karakter morfologi, fisikokimiawi, dan anatomi polong, (2) Menguji stabilitas karakter ketahanan pecah polong dan lingkungan yang berpengaruh, dan (3) Menguji stabilitas karakter hasil biji pada berbagai lokasi dan identifikasi genotipe unggul untuk menentukan rekomendasi pengembangan dari genotipe kedelai. Penelitian meliputi identifikasi faktor penentu ketahanan kedelai terhadap pecah polong dilakukan berdasarkan karakter morfologi, fisikokimiawi, anatomi polong, uji stabilitas genotipe kedelai untuk ketahanan terhadap pecah polong, dan uji stabilitas genotipe kedelai untuk hasil biji di berbagai lingkungan. Penelitian tentang identifikasi faktor penentu ketahanan dan uji stabilitas genotipe kedelai untuk ketahanan pecah polong dan hasil tinggi merupakan kombinasi penelitian lapang dan penelitian di laboratorium. Penelitian secara keseluruhan dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni hingga Desember 2019. Penelitian tentang identifikasi faktor penentu ketahanan kedelai terhadap pecah polong dilakukan di Probolinggo pada musim kemarau 2019. Identifikasi faktor penentu ketahanan kedelai terhadap pecah polong dilakukan secara bertahap yakni penelitian lapang dilakukan di Probolinggo, sedangkan pengukuran ketahanan terhadap pecah polong dilakukan di laboratorium pemuliaan tanaman Balitkabi di Malang. Pengamatan terhadap karakter morfologi polong dilakukan di laboratorium pemuliaan Balitkabi dan Laboratorium Teknik Pengolahan Pangan dan Hasil Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya. Pengamatan karakter anatomi polong dilakukan di laboratorium Struktur dan Perkembangan Tumbuhan Fakultas Biologi Universitas Gadjah Mada dan Laboratorium Terpadu Balitkabi. Penelitian tentang pengukuran stabilitas ketahanan pecah polong dan hasil biji dilakukan di enam sentra produksi kedelai yang ada di Jawa Timur yakni di Mojokerto, Pasuruan, Malang, Probolinggo, Jember, dan Banyuwangi. Penelitian tersebut dilakukan pada musim kemarau (Juni hingga November) tahun 2019. Pengamatan terhadap ketahanan pecah polong dilakukan untuk setiap lokasi, demikian pula untuk hasil dan komponen hasil. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan hasil bahwa karakter penentu ketahanan kedelai terhadap pecah polong adalah panjang polong, ketebalan biji, berat kulit polong, rasio berat kulit terhadap berat polong, kadar serat kulit polong, luas dan panjang fiber cap cell kulit polong sisi ventral. Hubungan antara karakter kadar air polong dan kadar air biji dengan persentase pecah polong pada suhu 60°C memperlihatkan korelasi yang negatif nyata, menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah kadar air kulit polong dan kadar air biji pada suhu 60°C, maka semakin tinggi persentase pecah polongnya. Semakin tinggi kandungan serat kulit polong menyebabkan kandungan air pada kulit polong semakin rendah, dan semakin tinggi persentase pecah polongnya. Karakter ketahanan pecah polong pada kedelai memiliki nilai heritabilitas dan kemajuan genetik yang tinggi mengindikasikan bahwa faktor genetik lebih dominan dibandingkan faktor lingkungan, sehingga seleksi dapat diterapkan secara efisien karena mudah untuk diwariskan. xviii Evaluasi karakter ketahanan pecah polong pada kedelai pada enam lokasi menunjukkan adanya interaksi antara genotipe dengan lingkungan. Berdasarkan analisis biplot GGE, genotipe G7 (Anj/G100H-44) merupakan genotipe paling tahan pecah polong dan stabil di lintas lokasi, namun berkriteria kurang stabil hasil bijinya. Genotipe G11 (Anj/Rjbs-306) merupakan genotipe yang tahan pecah polong di lintas lokasi dan menunjukkan ketahanan pecah polong yang stabil. Berdasar analisis regresi faktorial berganda, faktor lingkungan yang signifikan berkontribusi terhadap GEI dalam ketahanan pecah polong pada kedelai adalah curah hujan selama pertanaman dan suhu minimum lingkungan. Pada karakter hasil biji kedelai, terdapat interaksi antara genotipe dengan lingkungan. Berdasarkan analisis biplot GGE, genotipe G11 (Anj/Rjbs-306) merupakan genotipe yang berdaya hasil tinggi (3,28 t/ha) dan menunjukkan kestabilan hasil biji di lintas lokasi. Penelusuran hubungan antar karakter hasil dan komponen hasil, serta ketahanan pecah polong pada kedelai di enam lokasi menunjukkan bahwa karakter tinggi tanaman, umur masak, jumlah buku/tanaman, jumlah polong isi/tanaman, dan ketahanan terhadap pecah polong dapat digunakan sebagai indikator seleksi untuk peningkatan hasil biji pada kedelai. Dari penelitian ini terpilih dua genotipe paling unggul, yaitu G7 (Anj/G100H-44) dan G11 (Anj/Rjbs-306). G7 berdaya hasil tinggi, tahan pecah polong namun hasil bijinya berkategori kurang stabil, sehingga disarankan dikembangkan pada agroekosistem yang mirip dengan lokasi Malang (E3), Jember (E5), dan Probolinggo (E6). Genotipe G11 (Anj/Rjbs-306) merupakan genotipe ideal, karena memiliki ketahanan terhadap pecah polong dan ketahanannya stabil di berbagai lingkungan, berdaya hasil tinggi serta stabil, sehingga genotipe tersebut disarankan dapat dikembangkan pada berbagai agroekosistem kedelai di Indonesia. Kedua genotipe tersebut disarankan untuk dilepas sebagai varietas kedelai unggul baru di Indonesia dengan karakteristik berdaya hasil tinggi dan tahan pecah polong. Genotipe yang demikian akan mampu mempertahankan potensi hasil bijinya tanpa terjadi pengurangan hasil akibat kejadian pecah polong
English Abstract
Pod shattering is one of the major constraints associated with soybean production in Indonesia, which can lead to significant yield losses. The availability of shattering resistant variety is the most efficient and possible alternative to reduce yield losses due to pod shattering. The increase in soybean resistance to pod shattering was determined by the availability of genetic variability, knowledge of determinants of resistance, and efficient selection methods. The objectives of the study were: (1) To identify the determinant characters for pod shattering resistance morphological, physicochemical, and anatomical characters of the pods, (2) To assess the stability of pod shattering resistance and the influential environment, and (3) To assess the stability of seed yield across environments and to identify superior. The research includes the identification of determinants of soybean resistance to pod shattering based on morphological, physicochemical, and pod anatomy, genotypic stability evaluation for pod shattering resistance, and genotypic stability evaluation for seed yield across environments. All the research was a combination of field research and laboratory research, which was carried out from June to December 2019. Research on the identification of determinants of soybean resistance to pod shattering was carried out in Probolinggo during the dry season 2019. Identification of the determinants of soybean resistance to pod shattering was carried out in the field (Probolinggo), while measurement of resistance to pod shattering was conducted in Balitkabi Plant Breeding Laboratory in Malang. Observations on pod morphological characters were carried out in the Balitkabi Plant Breeding Laboratory and the Food and Agricultural Product Processing Engineering Laboratory, Brawijaya University. Observation on the anatomical character of the pods was carried out in the Laboratory of Plant Structure and Development, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, and the Central Laboratory of Balitkabi. The research on the stability of pod shattering resistance and seed yield was carried out in six soybean production centers in East Java, namely in Mojokerto, Pasuruan, Malang, Probolinggo, Jember, and Banyuwangi. The research was conducted during the dry season (June to November) in 2019. Observations on pod shattering resistance were performed for each location, as well as for yield and yield components. The results showed that the determinants of soybean resistance to pod shattering were pod length, seed thickness, pod wall weight, the ratio of pod wall weight to pod weight, pod wall fiber content, the area and length of the fiber cap cell of the ventral side of the pod wall. The relationship between the character of the water content of the pods and the moisture content of the seeds and the percentage of pod shattering at 60°C showed a significant negative correlation, indicating that the lower the water content of the pod wall and the moisture content of the seeds at 60°C, the higher the percentage of pod shattering. The higher the fiber content of the pod wall, the lower the pod wall water content, and the higher the percentage of pod shattering. The character of pod shattering resistance in soybean has a high heritability value and genetic gain indicates that genetic factors are more dominant than environmental factors, so that selection can be applied efficiently because it is easy to inherit. Evaluation of pod shattering resistance of soybean at six locations showed an interaction between genotype and the environment. Based on the GGE biplot analysis, G7 (Anj/G100H-44) was the most resistant to pod shattering and was stable across locations, but the seed yield was less stable. Genotype G11 (Anj / Rjbs-306) was resistant to pod shattering across locations and showed stability for pod shattering resistance. Based on factorial regression analysis, significant environmental factors contributing to GEI in pod shattering resistance in soybean were rainfall during planting and the minimum environmental temperature. xx There was an interaction between genotype and the environment in the character of soybean yield. GGE biplot analysis indicates that genotype G11 (Anj/Rjbs-306) is a high-yielding genotype (3.28 t/ha) with consistent seed yield across locations. The investigation of the relationship between yield characters and yield components, as well as pod shattering resistance in soybeans at six locations, showed that the characters of plant height, days to maturity, number of nodes/plant, number of filled pods/plant, and resistant to pod shattering could be used as selection indicators for yield improvement in soybean. Two superior genotypes were selected from this study, namely G7 (Anj/G100H- 44) and G11 (Anj/Rjbs-306). G7 has a high yield and resistant to pod shattering, but the seed yield is unstable, so it is recommended to develop it in an agroecosystem similar to the locations of Malang (E3), Jember (E5), and Probolinggo (E6). Genotype G11 (Anj/Rjbs-306) is an ideal genotype, because it has resistance to pod shattering and stability across environments, has a highly stable yield, so it is recommended that the genotype be developed in various soybean agroecosystems in Indonesia. Both genotypes are recommended to be released as new superior soybean varieties in Indonesia with characteristics of high yield and resistance to pod shattering. Such genotypes will be able to maintain the potential yield of the seeds without reducing the yield due to pod shattering
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doktor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0721040003 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 630 Agriculture and related technologies |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | agung |
| Date Deposited: | 12 Jul 2022 02:03 |
| Last Modified: | 26 Sep 2022 04:01 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/191885 |
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