Syahruddin and Prof. Ir. ING Wardana, M.Eng., Ph.D. and Dr. Eng. Ir. Denny Widhiyanuriyawan, M.T., IPM. and Dr. Eng. Lilis Yuliati, S.T., M.T. (2022) Peranan Karbon Aktif Nanopartikel Dalam Proses Hydro Degumming Minyak Nabat Sebagai Sumber Bahan Bakar Biodiesel. Doktor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Salah satu usaha untuk mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil adalah dengan menggunakan bahan bakar biodiesel yang memanfaatkan bahan baku minyak nabati. Sebelum diolah menjadi minyak biodesel, bahan baku minyak nabati harus melewati tahap pre-treatment degumming. Tahap ini bertujuan menghilangkan unsur-unsur pengotor seperti gum atau phospholipid yang terdiri dari fosfor dan ion-ion logam seperti kalsium serta magnesium. Proses pre-treatment yang telah dilakukan diantarannya dengan menggunakan zat-zat kimia seperti resorcinol, formaldehyde, sodium carbonate, dan ethanol. Penggunaan zat kimia ini mampu menurunkan phospholipid hingga 80%, namun demikian proses yang terjadi rumit dan masih menggunakan energi yang boros. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan proses pre-treatment yang lebih sederhana dan hemat energi dengan memanfaatkan karbon aktif. Karbon aktif mempunyai struktur rantai hexagonal dan kluster aromatik serta memiliki potensi menginduksi medan magnet, sehingga diharapkan mampu melepas fosfor dan ion-ion logam dari phospholipid. Pada penelitian ini karbon aktif bambu yang dibentuk menjadi nanopartikel atau Bamboo Active Carbon Nano Particles (BAC-NPs) yang diaktifasi terlebih dahulu menggunakan larutan NaOH 3 M. Selanjutnya perlakuan mekanik dan panas dari campuran BAC-NPs dengan minyak nabati non pangan (minyak kapuk randu dan minyak nyamplung) pada beberapa variasi persentasi berat. Minyak nabati 45 gram ditambahkan 2,1 gram air destilasi dan variasi konsentrasi BACNPs (0 wt%; 0,2 wt%; 0,4wt%; 0,6wt%; 0,8wt%). Campuran tersebut dipanaskan pada suhu 80˚C dan diaduk selama 20 menit dengan kecepatan 250 rpm. Tujuan pemanasan dan pengadukan ini adalah untuk menghomogenisasi campuran minyak nabati tersebut. Selanjutnya campuran yang telah homogen tersebut disentrifugasi selama 20 menit pada putaran 4000 rpm. Disentrifugasi bertujuan agar kandungan fosfor dan ion-ion logam terpisah dari minyak nabati sehingga terjadi proses degumming. Minyak nabati yang telah di degumming kemudian diperiksa kadar fosfor dengan UV-VIS Spectrophotometer, serta kadar magnesium dan kalsium dengan AAS-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Pengujian karakterisasi BAC-NPs dilakukan dengan SEM-EDS dan ImageJ, BET, dan FTIR. Hasil SEM-EDS dan ImageJ mengilustrasikan bahwa BAC-NPs memiliki kontur mirip terumbu karang dengan charge permukaan positif, mampu memfasilitasi gaya tarik menarik elektrostatik pada proses degumming minyak nabati. Ditemukannya struktur nanopartikel berbentuk fullurene, mengkorfirmasi adanya kecacatan intrinsik yang berperan dalam proses transfer elektron, memfasilitasi reaksi kimiawi. Hasil BET menunjukkan peningkatan rasio (O/C) mengakibatkan peningkatan polaritas, struktur mesoporus dengan luas permukaan 673.298 m2/g.Hasil FTIR menunjukkan adanya kluster cincin-cincin aromatik yang berkontribusi pada potensi magnetik. BAC-NPs berperan sebagai agen degumming disebabkan kepolaran, muatan permukaan, karakteristik tekstural, dan potensi magnetik yang dimilikinya. Saat BAC-NPs beinteraksi dengan air dan minyak nabati dalam proses degumming, elektron-elekron yang terdelokalisasi pada cincin aromatik BAC-NPs menginduksi medan magnetik. Terjadi induksi momen magnetik pada paramagnetik atom-atom oksigen bermuatan negatif di sekeliling bagian kepala fosfat dari molekul phospholipid. Selain itu, juga terjadi induksi momen magnetik pada molekul air yang bersifat polar, mengubah orientasi spin isomer air dari para-water menjadi ortho-water, menurunkan energi intramolekuler air, menfasilitasi reaksi hidrolisis. Kekuatan energi mekanik, energi termal dan potensi magnetik dari BAC-NPs, secara bersama-sama berperan dalam proses hydro degumming. Sebagai indikasi, terjadi penurunan konsentrasi fosfor secara bermakna (sekitar 95%) pada minyak nabati non-pangan setelah mengalami degumming, dengan nilai optimal diperoleh pada penambahan BAC-NP 0.2wt%.
English Abstract
An effort to reduce utilization of fossil fuels was to employ vegetable oil feedstocks for biodiesel production. Prior to a series of oil-refining steps in biodiesel production, vegetable oils should undergo degumming pre-treatment in order to get rid of the impurities which mainly contains gums or phospholipids, as well as metal ions. Previous pre-treatment processes had included a number of chemicals such as resorcinol, formaldehyde, sodium carbonate, and ethanol. The use of these chemicals could reduce the phospholipid contents up to 80%. However, it involved a complex and energy-intensive methods. Therefore, This research aimed for a simpler and more energy- efficient degumming process, incorporating activated carbon. Activated carbon which acquired hexagonal structures and aromatic ring clusters, potential to induce magnetic moment contributed to the detachment of phosphoric and metal ions off the vegetable oil. This study utilized bamboo activated carbon which was turned into bamboo activated carbon nanoparticles (BAC-NPs). It was then activated using NaOH 3M. Next, a series of mechanical and thermal treatments were carried out for these mixtures of BAC-NPs and nonedible oils at various weight percentage. Forty five gram of non-edible oil was added into 2.1 gram of distilled water and BAC-NPs of various concentrations (0 wt%; 0,2 wt%; 0,4wt%; 0,6wt%; 0,8wt%). The mixtures were heated at 80˚C, stirred well at 250rpm for 20 minutes. The aim of heating and stirring was to homogenize oil mixtures. After that the mixtures were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 minutes in order to detach the phosphoric and metal ions (magnesium and calcium) off the non-edible oils, such that degumming process occurred. The degummed oils were collected for measurement of P content using UV-VIS Spectrofotometer, whilst for measurement of Mg and Ca contents using AAS-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Characterizations of BAC-NPs were assessed using SEM-EDS and ImageJ, BET, and FTIR. SEM-EDS and ImageJ results showed that BAC-NPs acquired coral-like contour and positive surface charge dominant, supported electrostatic attractions during oil degumming process. Fullurene cluster found in BAC-NPs confirmed intrinsic defects which attributed to charge transfer process, promoted chemical reaction. BET result revealed increased (O/C) ratio which corresponded to improved hydrophilicity, mesoporous structures with a large surface area of 673.298 m2/g. FTIR result indicated aromatic ring clusters which contributed to BAC-NPs’ magnetic potential. BAC-NPs had a role as degumming agent due to its polarity, surface charge, textural characteristics, as well as its magnetic potency. During degumming process, as BAC-NPs interacted with water and phospholipid molecule, delocalized electrons in aromatic ring clusters of BAC-NPs induced magnetic moment on paramagnetic negatively charged oxygen atoms around the phosphate head of phospholipid molecule. Similarly, magnetic moment was also imposed on polar water molecule, altered proton (hydrogen) spin of water such that transforming para-water into ortho-water, diminishing intramolecular energy of water, promoting more hydrolisis reaction. A higher probability of bonds-detachment which occurred around the polar phosphate head of phospholipid molecule was mainly due to BAC-NPs’ role as well as due to combination of forces exerted from heat energy and mechanical enery during degumming process. This successful dephospholipidation was indicated by a large decline in P content in the degummed oils. The optimal degumming efficiency was occurred on adding 0.2 wt% BAC-NPs.
Other obstract
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| Item Type: | Thesis (Doktor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0622070004 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Kata kunci : Karbon aktif, Nanopartikel, Hydro degumming, Minyak nabati non pangan |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 621 Applied physics > 621.8 Machine engineering |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik |
| Depositing User: | yulia Chasanah |
| Date Deposited: | 03 Jun 2022 02:18 |
| Last Modified: | 03 Jun 2022 02:19 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/190807 |
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