Labo, Tomy (2019) Strategi Tata Kelola Pertambangan Batubara Dalam Perspektif Sdgs Di Kabupaten Malinau Provinsi Kalimantan Utara. Doktor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Produksi batubara memiliki peran besar dalam mendukung pembangunan nasional dan daerah melalui penerimaan negara dan penciptaan lapangan kerja serta peningkatan taraf hidup masyarakat. Perusahaan pertambangan dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat, ekonomi melalui penyediaan lapangan kerja, jasa pelayanan, dana untuk pembangunan daerah. Disisi lain dampak yang nyata dari tata kelola sumberdaya alam yang tidak memperhatikan kondisi lingkungan berakibat pada rusaknya ekosistem lingkungan tersebut. Dengan demikian, diperlukan adanya suatu perangkat peraturan perundang-undangan yang secara tegas mengatur tata kelola sumberdaya alam di daerah. Kewenangan tata kelola sumberdaya alam yang selama ini terkesan mengabaikan koordinasi di antara level pemerintahan menjadi fakta empirik bagi pemerintah dalam mewujudkan pembangunan lingkungan yang berkelanjutan. Peran pemerintah provinsi yang selama ini diharapkan menjadi sentral dalam tata kelola sumberdaya alam di daerah belum mampu diwujudkan sesuai dengan harapan. Kerjasama antara pemerintah dengan pemangku kepentingan di daerah belum terwujud sebagaimana mestinya. Upaya pelibatan stakeholders sebagaimana yang diamanahkan dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 yang menyebutkan bahwa negara melakukan penguasaan terhadap sumberdaya alam (bumi dan air beserta isinya) untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat perlu mendapatkan perhatian yang lebih dari Pemerintah Provinsi. Terdapat tiga rumusan masalah yang diteliti melalui penelitian ini, yaitu: 1. Bagaimana Pemerintah daerah melakukan tata kelola di Bidang Pertambangan Batu bara? 2. Apa saja faktor-faktor yang mendukung dan menghambat tata kelola pertambangan batubara? 3. Bagaimanakah strategi tata kelola pertambangan batubara dalam Perspektif Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? Data diperoleh dalam penelitian ini melalui wawancara mendalam (indepth interview) terhadap informan terdiri dari (1). Kepala Dinas Pertambangan dan Energi Propinsi Kalimantan Utara (2). Kepala Dinas Pendapatan Daerah; (3). 3 (tiga) Camat; dan (4). 15 (limabelas) Kepala Desa (5). 15 (limabelas) Ketua-ketua Adat dan 5 (lima) LSM. (6). Kepala Dinas Lingkungan Propinsi Kalimantan Utara Kepala (7). Dinas Ligkungan Kabupaten Malinau (8). 4 (empat) Kepala Tekhnik Tambang (KTT), observasi lapang, dan studi dokumentasi. Keabsahan data dilakukan dengan menguji kredibilitas, transferabilitas, dependabilitas, dan xiv konfirmabilitas. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data Model INteraktif (Miles, Huberman, Saldana), yaitu metode analisis yang digunakan untuk analisis terhadap data kualitatif yang diperoleh di lapangan dan bergerak secara terus menerus selama penelitian berlangsung. Pada pelaksanaannya, cara yang digunakan adalah dengan memadukan secara interaktif dan sirkuler antara data collection, data condensation, data display, dan selanjutnya menarik kesimpulan dan verifikasi (drawing/verification) Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan, adalah: pertama, tata kelola pertambangan batubara yang dilakukan di Malinau Kalimantan Utara pada prinsipnya telah sesuai dengan regulasi yang ada yaitu UU No. 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara (MINERBA), UU No. 32 Tahun 2009 tentang PPLH, Permen ESDM No. 34 Tahun 2017 tentang perizinan Bidang MINERBA, PP No. 24 Tahun 2012 tentang Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Usaha Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara, serta PP No. 27 Tahun 2017 tentang Biaya Operasi yang Dapat Dikembalikan dan Perlakuan Pajak Penghasilan di Bidang Usaha Hulu Minyak dan Gas Bumi. Walaupun ada beberapa yang tidak konsisten dalam memenuhi regulasi tersebut di atas baik pada proses awal yaitu pembukaan pertambangan maupun pada saat operasional pertambangan dan pasca pertambangan. Dalam tata kelola tersebut juga melibatkan masyarakat dalam bentuk pengawasan dan sebagain tenaga kerja perusahaan pertambangan tersebut berasal dari masyarakat setempat. Kedua, faktor yang mendukung tata kelola pertambangan batubara dapat diidentifikasi sebagai berikut: (a) adanya kebijakan dan peraturan perundang-undangan maka dapar dijadikan sebagai pedoman atau acuan bagi aktivitas pertambangan, (b) Apresiasi positif dari masyarakat sekitar pertambangan merupakan sesuatu hal yang penting untuk mendukung tata kelola pertambangan termasuk pihak swasta yang diberikan izin telah melengkapi dokumen AMDAL yang dibutuhkan dalam tata kelola pertambangan, dan (c) pengawasan dari pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Malinau terkait dampak pasca pertambangan. Adapun faktor yang menghambat tata kelola pertambangan batubara antara lain (a) kurang adanya koordinasi antar pihak pemerintah dalam hal ini pemerintah provinsi dan pemerintah daerah, swasta, maupun masyarakat, (b) belum dilaksanakannya secara konsisten beberapa aturan dalam regulasi yang ada, misalnya dalam hal pemberian CSR, dan (c) berubahnya kondisi lahan atau lingkungan pertambangan (aspek pemulihan lingkungan), ketiga strategi yang dilaksanakan untuk mewujudkan pertambangan batubara yang berkelanjutan meliputi: people, planet, profit, peace, dan partnership Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi terhadap beberapa faktor penghambat, maka dapat diajukan saran sebagai berikut: (1) perlunya koordinasi yang intensif antara pemerintah provinsi dengan pemerintah daerah dalam implementasi regulasi yang ada terkait tata kelola pertambangan batubara, (2) perlu diperkuat regulasi yang mengatur kontribusi pertambangan batubara kepada pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat sekitar perusahaan, dan (3) adanya saksi yang tegas terhadap perusahaan pertambahangan yang tidak melakukan pemulihan lingkungan pasca pertambangan, dan (4) memperkuat community development dalam tata kelola pertambangan.
English Abstract
The coal production industry has a big role in supporting the local and national development through national income and giving job opportunities, and also improving the people’s wealth. The mining enterprises give contribution in improving people’s wealth by giving job opportunities and support the local income. There are three actors that involved in this coal mining industries, which are government that represented by State-owned Corporation (Badan Usaha Milik Negara or BUMN), the enterprises who are linked in PerjanjianKaryaPengusahaanPertambangan Batubara (PKP2B), and the pure private sector. The needs of coal that comes both from overseas and domestic is very big. Therefore the coal mining industry keep increasing their productions. This increasing will affect the state’s revenue, both from taxes and non-taxes, either for local or state government. In the other side, the real impact of the careless natural resources’ management which neglect the environment has damaged the ecosystem. Therefore, it needs a regulation that strictly stated about how to manage natural resources in an area. The making of this regulation should also involved stakeholders who have obligation and responsibility for the natural resources. The synergy between regulations and spatial plan of North Kalimantan in managing the natural resources should become the main attention of the local government to create a sustainable natural resources management. The regional government as the implementerof deconcentration principle is demanded to be able to translate and implement the central government’s policy that has any relation with the natural resources management. It is related to the coordination function between region in managing and using the resources that they have in their region. All this time, the authority of natural resources management seem to neglect the coordination among levels of government has become an empirical fact for the government in embodying a sustainable environmental development. The role of regional government which is hoped to be the center point of natural resources management has not fulfilled this hope yet. The cooperation between government levels, as the stakeholders, is not working as what it should be. There are three main focus in this research, which are: (1) the coal mining management that contain policy, that stands as the basic in coal mining management; the authority in coal mining maanagement, and the role of community in the new coal mining management; (2) the supporting and inhibitor factors of coal mining management in the perspective of sustainable develoomemt goal (SDG’s), that contains policy’s aspects, the mining manager, the environmental condition of the mining area, and also the people around the xvi mining area; and (3) the strategy on coal mining management planning through the perspective of SDG’s. In this esearch, the data are collected from the field of research through observation, indepth-interview, and documentations’ study. Afterwards, the data are being tested to know its validity and its reliability. Next, the data are being analyzed using the Interactive Model Data Analysis (Miles Hubberman and Saldana), which is an analyzing method that usd to analyze qualitative data research that collected form the field and moved simultaneously and continually as long as the research is being conducted. In the application, the using technique is by interactively and circularly combining between data collection, data condensation, and data display. The last process is drawing conclusion and verification. Some suggestions that have been drawned from result of analysis and discussion are as follows: first, the mining coal management that have been done in these few years is basicallysuited with the existing regulation, as whaat have been written in UU No.4 years of 2009 about Mineral and Coal Mining (MINERBA), UU No. 32 years of 2009 about PPLH, Ministry of Energy and Mining Regulation/Permen No.34 years of 2017 about the permit on MINERBA, PP No. 24 years of 2012 about the Practice of Mineral and Coal Mining Corporation, and PP No.27 years of 2017 about the operational cost that could be return and the counting of Income Tax in the Oil and Gas Business Company. Even so, there is a case that does not obey any of these regulations, either in the beginning process of opening the mining business, the operational, or in the process of post-mining. In this management, the local people are getting involved in the controlling process and as the employees of the corporation. Second, the supporting factors are as follow: (a) there have been some regulation that could be used as a reference for mining business activities; (b) there is a positive appreciation from the people who lived around the mining area and there is a documents of AMDAL which is important in mining management; and (c) there is a control from the Malinau District government in its relation to the impact of the post-mining. In the other side, there are also some inhibitor factors as follow: (a) lack of coordination between local and regional government, the private sector, and the community itself; (b) some rules have not been consistantly done; and (c) the changing of land condition and its environment in the mining area. Third, there are some strategic steps that could be taken to create a sustainable coal mining, which are: (a) strengthen law enforcenment and its sanctions; (b) conducting a routine discussion group forum; (c) multi-stakeholder controlling; and (d) condungting a program to empower and develop the community. Based on identification of some inhibitor factors, there are some suggestion that have been drawn by the researcher: (1) it will need an intensive coordination between local and regional government in implementing the regulations on coal mining; (2) the existing regulations that rules the contribution of coal mining for the local government and the people around the mining area need to be strengthen; and (3) there is a strict sanction for the mining company who does not conduct the environmental revitalization after the mining process done.
Other obstract
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| Item Type: | Thesis (Doktor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DIS/333.707/LAB/s/2019/061904818 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | pertambangan, batubara, SDGs,-mining, coal, sustainable development goal |
| Subjects: | 300 Social sciences > 333 Economics of land and energy > 333.7 Land, recreational and wilderness areas, energy |
| Divisions: | Program Pascasarjana > Doktor Kajian Lingkungan, Program Pascasarjana |
| Depositing User: | Endang Susworini |
| Date Deposited: | 13 May 2022 03:39 |
| Last Modified: | 13 May 2022 03:39 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/190425 |
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