Adaptasi Transformasi Pola Pengelolaan Lahan Kawasan Hutan oleh Pesanggem dari Masa Sebelum Hingga Setelah Reformasi di Desa Bambang, Kecamatan Wajak, Kabupaten Malang

Lestari, Sarahnanda Nur and Medea Ramadhani Utomo,, SP., M.Si and Mangku Purnomo,, SP., M.Si., Ph.D (2021) Adaptasi Transformasi Pola Pengelolaan Lahan Kawasan Hutan oleh Pesanggem dari Masa Sebelum Hingga Setelah Reformasi di Desa Bambang, Kecamatan Wajak, Kabupaten Malang. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Secara dinamis hutan menjadi tumpuan bagi pemenuhan kebutuhan sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat baik dari segi pangan, sandang maupun papan dengan memanfaatkan hasil hutan kayu maupun non kayu. Ketidakpastian penguasaan kawasan hutan dapat menghambat efektivitas pengelolaan hutan. Guna mengakomodir fungsi perlindungan dan pemanfaatan ekonomi secara seimbang, pemerintah telah mengeluarkan kebijakan tentang pengelolaan sumber daya hutan sejak masa orde lama berkembang menuju orde baru hingga masa reformasi sekarang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan adaptasi pesanggem terhadap perubahan pola pengelolaan hutan di Desa Bambang. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian dengan pendekatan kualitatif dianalisis secara deskriptif. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari-Maret 2021 di Desa Bambang, Kecamatan Wajak, Kabupaten Malang. Teknik penentuan informan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yakni teknik purposive sampling dan snowball sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan berdasarkan sumber data primer dan data sekunder. Pengumpulan data primer terdiri dari wawancara secara mendalam dan observasi. Pengumpulan data sekunder dilakukan dengan menggunakan studi literatur dan dokumentasi penelitian. Tahapan analisis data dalam penelitian kualitatif ini dilakukan dengan teknik interaktif meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Peneliti menggunakan dua macam teknik yakni, triangulasi (gabungan) dari jenis triangulasi sumber dan teknik. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan transformasi pola pengelolaan hutan berdasarkan setiap masa transisi meliputi kegiatan penanaman, pemeliharaan, pemungutan bagi hasil, pengolahan dan pemasaran hasil hutan, serta bagaimana bentuk kebijakan kerjasama dengan Masyarakat Desa Hutan (MDH) di Desa Bambang. Pola pengelolaan lahan kawasan hutan pada masa orde baru atau pra reformasi dicirikan dengan tanaman produksi hutan mayoritas Sengon, produktivitas tanaman bawah tegakan masih bagus tanpa harus menggunakan pupuk tambahan apapun, pemungutan bagi hasil ditetapkan 75% Perhutani dan 25% masyarakat, sistem hak pengelolaan lahan kawasan Perhutani dibatasi maksimal 3 tahun, pesanggem tidak memiliki bukti tertulis terhadap lahan kelola, tingginya kasus illegal logging, serta penentuan petak lahan pesanggem bebas. Pola pengelolaan lahan kawasan hutan pada era reformasi dicirikan tanaman produksi hutan kayu mayoritas pinus dan mahoni, pesanggem menggunakan pupuk organik dan anorganik, masyarakat tidak dikenakan bagi hasil, bentuk lembaga yang membawahi LKDPH, adanya program PHBM, sistem hak pengelolaan lahan tanpa dibatasi masa waktu, pesanggem tidak memiliki bukti tertulis terhadap lahan kelola, adanya program sadap pohon pinus, dan penentuan luas dan lokasi petak lahan pesanggem diatur oleh Perhutani secara adil. Pola pengelolaan lahan kawasan hutan pada masa sekarang didapatkan tanaman produksi hutan mulai mengarah ke tanaman buah, subsidi benih bagi pesanggem dari program pelestarian UP UPSA CCCD, dan BPDAS, Pesanggem mulai tertarik mempelajari pertanian organik, masyarakat tidak dikenakan bagi hasil oleh Perhutani, bentuk lembaga yang membawahi LKDPH dan KTH, adanya program kebijakan PHBM (Perhutani) dan Perhutanan Sosial (Pemerintah). Respons dan strategi antar pesanggem memilliki karakteristik tersendiri, dibedakan berdasarkan bidang transformasi yakni personal, praktikal, dan politikal. Secara garis besar transformasi dalam setiap masa transisi dapat dijabarkan melalui keunikan perbedaan dan persamaan bentuk adaptasi. Persamaan dapat terbentuk karena budaya, aturan, kebijakan yang dianut oleh pesanggem masih satu lingkup dan berhubungan. Sedangkan perbedaan dipengaruhi karena faktor ekonomi, sehingga mempengaruhi kebutuhan jenis komoditas dan penggunaan jenis pupuk yang berbeda. Perbedaan terkait sisi bidang politikal ini disebabkan adanya miss communication dan adanya oknum yang menyalahgunakan jabatan sebagai petugas retribusi dengan mengubah nominal retribusi. Dampak yang dialami masyarakat desa hutan terhadap pola adaptasi pasca reformasi masyarakat desa hutan dalam perkembangan masanya lebih banyak mendapatkan dampak positif meliputi aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan dapat dijabarkan yakni terbukanya akses program pengembangan dan pemberdayaan, mata pencaharian Masyarakat Desa Hutan bervariasi, dan konservasi lingkungan hutan

English Abstract

Dynamically, the forest becomes the foundation for meeting the social and economic needs of the community, both in terms of food, clothing and shelter by utilizing wood and non-timber forest products. Uncertainty over forest area control can hinder the effectiveness of forest management. In order to accommodate the functions of protection and use of the economy in a balanced way, the government has issued a policy on forest resource management since the old order developed into the new order to the present reform era. This study aims to describe the development of Pesanggem adaptation to changes in forest management patterns in Bambang Village. The method in this study uses this type of research with a qualitative approach analyzed descriptively. The research was conducted in February-March 2021 in Bambang Village, Wajak District, Malang Regency. The informant determination technique used in this research is purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data collection techniques were carried out based on primary data sources and secondary data. Primary data collection consisted of in-depth interviews and observations. Secondary data collection was carried out using literature studies and research documentation. The stages of data analysis in this qualitative research were carried out with interactive techniques including data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing or verification. Researchers used two kinds of techniques, namely, triangulation (combined) from the type of source and technique triangulation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the transformation of forest management patterns based on each transition period included planting, maintenance, profit sharing collection, processing and marketing of forest products, as well as the form of cooperation policies with Forest Village Communities (MDH) in Bambang Village. The pattern of land management in forest areas during the New Order or pre-reformation period was characterized by the majority of forest production plants being Sengon, under-stand plant productivity was still good without having to use any additional fertilizers, profit sharing was set at 75% Perhutani and 25% of the community, land management rights system for areas Perhutani is limited to a maximum of 3 years, Pesanggem does not have written evidence of managed land, high cases of illegal logging, and determination of free plots of Pesanggem land. The pattern of land management of forest areas in the reform era was characterized by forest production plants, the majority of which were pine and mahogany, Pesanggem using organic and inorganic fertilizers, the community was not subject to profit sharing, the form of institutions that supervised LKDPH, the existence of a PHBM program, a land management rights system without being limited in time, Pesanggem does not have written evidence of managed land, there is a pine tree tapping program, and the determination of the area and location of the plots of land is regulated by Perhutani fairly. The current pattern of land management in forest areas shows that forest production plants are starting to lead to fruit trees, seed subsidies for Pesanggem from conservation programs UP UPSA, CCCD, and BPDAS, Pesanggem are starting to be interested in learning organic agriculture, people are not subject to profit sharing by Perhutani, form of institution which oversees LKDPH and KTH, the existence of PHBM (Perhutani) and Social Forestry (Government) policy programs. The responses and strategies between Pesanggem have their own characteristics, differentiated based on the field of transformation, namely personal, practical, and political. Broadly speaking, the transformation in each transition period can be described through the unique differences and similarities in the forms of adaptation. Equality can be formed because the culture, rules, policies adopted by the Pesanggem are still one scope and related. Meanwhile, differences are influenced by economic factors, thus affecting the need for different types of commodities and the use of different types of fertilizers. This difference in terms of the political aspect is due to a miscommunication and the presence of individuals who abuse their positions as retribution officers by changing the levy nominal. The impacts experienced by forest village communities on the post-reform adaptation pattern of forest village communities in their development have more positive impacts covering social, economic, and environmental aspects can be described as opening access to development and empowerment programs, varied livelihoods of Forest Village Communities, and environmental conservation. Forest

Item Type:	Thesis (Sarjana)
Identification Number:	052104
Subjects:	300 Social sciences > 338 Production > 338.1 Agriculture
Divisions:	Fakultas Pertanian > Agribisnis
Depositing User:	soegeng sugeng
Date Deposited:	04 Feb 2022 06:28
Last Modified:	24 Feb 2022 08:07
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/189342

Text (DALAM MASA EMBARGO) 175040101111026 - Sarahnanda Nur Lestari.pdf Restricted to Registered users only until 31 December 2023. Download (3MB)

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