Putu Sri Haryati, Ni (2021) Efek Ekstrak Etanol Kacang Tunggak (Vigna unguiculata) terhadap Kadar Nitric Oxide (NO) dan Jumlah Sel Endotel Aorta pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Model Ovariektomi. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
"Menopause dapat menjadi suatu permasalahan dalam pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat yang disebabkan oleh penurunan hormon estrogen endogen seperti meningkatkan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Keadaan hipoestrogen pada pascamenopause seiring dengan penambahan usia menunjukkan penurunan pelepasan NO oleh sel endotel. Sedangkan pengobatan dengan terapi hormon pada wanita pasca menopause terhadap penyakit kardiovaskular hanya mendapatkan sedikit manfaat namun dapat meningkatkan risiko stroke ataupun tromboemboli vena. Sehingga penggunaan fitoestrogen dan antioksidan dinilai lebih aman digunakan sebagai terapi alternatif. Genistein pada kacang tunggak (Vigna unguiculata) merupakan fitoestrogen dengan aktivitas estrogenik baik sebagai zat agonis maupun antagonis, memiliki afinitas yang baik dengan Estrogen Receptors (ER) α dan β. Dengan demikian, genistein dapat menimbulkan efek estrogenik pada kondisi hipoestrogen yang terjadi pada wanita pascamenopause. Selain itu, genistein dapat berperan sebagai antioksidan, antiinflamasi, dan memiliki sifat antiaterogenik. Banyaknya wanita yang tidak dapat menjalani terapi Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) serta meningkatnya risiko kejadian stroke ataupun tromboemboli vena, memungkinkan pilihan fitoestrogen atau genistein yang terkandung dalam kacang tunggak (Vigna unguiculata) sebagai upaya preventif yang lebih aman. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain true experimental dengan rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah post test only control group design. Penelitian menggunakan 24 ekor Rattus norvegicus betina usia 15 bulan yang dibagi menjadi enam kelompok: kelompok kontrol negatif (kelompok tikus model sham tanpa diberikan ekstrak etanol Vigna unguiculata), kelompok kontrol positif (kelompok tikus model ovariektomi tanpa diberikan ekstrak etanol Vigna unguiculata), kelompok perlakuan 1 (kelompok tikus model ovariektomi yang diberikan 17-β estradiol dengan dosis 0,18 mg/kgBB/hari), kelompok perlakuan 2 (kelompok tikus model ovariektomi yang diberikan ekstrak etanol Vigna unguiculata dengan dosis 1,25 mg/kgBB/hari), kelompok perlakuan 3 (kelompok tikus model ovariektomi yang diberikan ekstrak etanol Vigna unguiculata dengan dosis 2,5 mg/kgBB/hari), dan kelompok perlakuan 4 (kelompok tikus model ovariektomi yang diberikan ekstrak etanol Vigna unguiculata dengan dosis 5 mg/kgBB/hari). Aklimatisasi dilakukan selama tujuh hari, dilanjutkan dilakukan prosedur sham dan ovariektomi dan stabilisasi selama 28 hari, kemudian selama 40 hari diberikan perlakuan sesuai pembagian kelompok. Selanjutnya hewan coba dikorbankan, diambil sampel darah jantung dan jaringan aorta. Spesimen serum digunakan untuk pemeriksaan kadar Nitric Oxide (NO) dengan metode colorimetry mengunakan Nitric Oxide (NO) Colorimetric essay kit dari Elabsciense dengan katalog nomor E-BC-K035-S, sedangkan slide jaringan aorta dipulas Hematoksilin Eosin (HE) untuk penghitungan jumlah sel endotel aorta. Hasil uji Least Significant Difference (LSD) menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p-value 0,056) pada kadar Nitric Oxide (NO) sedangkan analisis pada jumlah sel endotel aorta menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna (p-value 0,002). Tindakan ovariektomi pada kelompok kontrol negatif dapat menurunkan kadar NO dan jumlah sel endotel aorta, walaupun pada kadar NO tidak signifikan secara statistik. Analisis Welch ANOVA untuk kadar NO pada kelompok sampel penelitian yaitu kontrol negatif (3,63±2,54), kontrol positif (1,72±0,64), perlakuan 1 (3,12±1,28), perlakuan 2 (1,43±0,39), perlakuan 3 (2,31±1,02), perlakuan 4 (2,59±0,89) menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan bermakna (p-value 0,162) serta ditemukan terjadi peningkatan kadar NO seiring dengan peningkatan dosis ekstrak etanol Vigna unguiculata walaupun peningkatannya tidak sebanyak jika diberikan 17-β estradiol. Analisis One Way ANOVA untuk jumlah sel endotel aorta pada kelompok sampel penelitian yaitu kontrol negatif (68,25±16,52), kontrol positif (26,00±9,31), perlakuan 1 (41,75±23,70), perlakuan 2 (27,50±14,48), perlakuan 3 (34±16,53), perlakuan 4 (38,75±13,75) menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p-value 0,020). Namun tidak ada perbedan bermakna yang ditunjukan oleh kelompok dosis, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa ketiga dosis memiliki kemampuan yang sama dalam mencegah penurunan jumlah sel endotel aorta. Terdapat korelasi positif yang rendah atau lemah tapi pasti antara dosis ekstrak etanol kacang tunggak (Vigna unguiculata) dengan jumlah sel endotel aorta. Terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara jumlah sel endotel aorta dengan kadar Nitric Oxide (NO) pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) model ovariektomi (p-value = 0,000) dengan tingkat keeratan korelasi yang tinggi (koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,773), dan koefisien determinasi 0,597. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol kacang tunggak (Vigna unguiculata) dapat meningkatkan kadar Nitric Oxide (NO) dan mencegah penurunan sel endotel aorta pada tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) model ovariektomi."
English Abstract
Menopause is a condition of permanent cessation of menstruation for at least 12 months in women, which occurs at a median age of 51 years. This condition can be a problem in public health services caused by a decrease in endogenous estrogen hormones such as increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The hormone estrogen is known to provide protection to the endothelium and smooth muscle of blood vessels by playing an important role in increasing the bioavailability of Nitric Oxide (NO) and reducing oxidative stress. So that it underlies the protection against cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women. In addition to NO, endothelial cells also play an important role in monitoring every cardiovascular function with their sensory abilities. The postmenopausal hypoestrogen state with increasing age shows a decrease in the release of NO by endothelial cells. Meanwhile, treatment with hormone therapy in postmenopausal women against cardiovascular disease has little benefit but can increase the risk of stroke or venous thromboembolism. So that the use of phytoestrogens and antioxidants is considered safer to be used as an alternative therapy. Genistein in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a phytoestrogen with estrogenic activity both as an agonist and antagonist, and has good affinity with Estrogen Receptors (ER) and. Thus, genistein can cause estrogenic effects in hypoestrogen conditions that occur in postmenopausal women. In addition, genistein can act as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and has antiatherogenic properties. The large number of women who cannot undergo Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) therapy and the increased risk of stroke or venous thromboembolism, allows the choice of phytoestrogens or genistein contained in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as a safer preventive measure. The study was conducted with a true experimental design with the research design used was post test only control group design. The study used 24 female Rattus norvegicus aged 15 months which were divided into six groups: negative control group (a group of sham model rats without Vigna unguiculata ethanol extract), a positive control group (a group of ovariectomized rats without Vigna unguiculata ethanol extract), a treatment group 1 (a group of ovariectomized rats given 17-β estradiol at a dose of 0.18 mg/kgBW/day), treatment group 2 (a group of ovariectomized rats given Vigna unguiculata ethanol extract at a dose of 1.25 mg/kgBW/day), treatment group 3 (a group of ovariectomized rats given Vigna unguiculata ethanol extract at a dose of 2.5 mg/kgBW/day), and treatment group 4 (a group of ovariectomized rats given Vigna unguiculata ethanol extract at a dose of 5 mg/kgBW/day) . Acclimatization was carried out for seven days, followed by sham and ovariectomy procedures and stabilization for 28 days, then for 40 days the treatment was given according to the group division. Furthermore, the experimental animals were sacrificed, samples of heart blood and aortic tissue were taken. Serum specimens were used to examine Nitric Oxide (NO) levels by colorimetry method using Nitric Oxide (NO) Colorimetric essay kit from Elabsciense with catalog number E-BC-K035-S, while aortic tissue slides were stained with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) for cell count aortic endothelium. The results of the Least Significant Difference (LSD) showed that there was no significant difference (p-value 0.056) in the levels of Nitric Oxide (NO) while the analysis on the number of aortic endothelial cells showed a significant difference (p-value 0.002). Ovariectomy in the negative control group could reduce NO levels and the number of aortic endothelial cells, although NO levels were not statistically significant. Welch ANOVA analysis for NO levels in the study sample groups, namely negative control (3.63±2.54), positive control (1.72±0.64), treatment 1 (3.12±1.28), treatment 2 (1.43±0.39), treatment 3 (2.31±1.02), treatment 4 (2.59±0.89) showed no significant difference (p-value 0.162) and there was an increase in NO levels along with with an increase in the dose of ethanol extract of Vigna unguiculata although the increase was not as much as when 17-β estradiol was given. One Way ANOVA analysis for the number of aortic endothelial cells in the study sample groups, namely negative control (68.25±16.52), positive control (26.00±9.31), treatment 1 (41.75±23.70), treatment 2 (27.50 ±14.48), treatment 3 (34±16.53), treatment 4 (38.75±13.75) showed a significant difference (p-value 0.020). However, there was no significant difference shown by the dose groups, so it was concluded that the three doses had the same ability to prevent a decrease in the number of aortic endothelial cells. There is a low or weak but definite positive correlation between the dose of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) ethanol extract and the number of aortic endothelial cells, both of which have a positive relationship. There is a significant correlation between the number of aortic endothelial cells and levels of Nitric Oxide (NO) in ovariectomized white rats (Rattus norvegicus) (p-value = 0.000) with a high degree of correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.773), and a coefficient of determination of 0.597. From this study, it can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) can increase Nitric Oxide (NO) levels and prevent aortic endothelial cell decline in ovariectomized white rats (Rattus norvegicus).
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 042106 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 618 Gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics, geriatrics > 618.2 Obstetrics |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Kebidanan, Fakultas Kedokteran |
| Depositing User: | Unnamed user with username verry |
| Date Deposited: | 23 Oct 2021 08:57 |
| Last Modified: | 10 Oct 2024 06:23 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/185512 |
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