Al Adawiah, Putri Rabiah (2019) Perubahan Fisiko-Kimia Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Berdasarkan Tempat dan Lama Penyimpanan. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki sumberdaya alam yang sangat melimpah. Salah satu sumberdaya alam yang dapat ditemui yaitu pada famili Araceae. Beberapa famili Araceae dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan masyarakat sebagai bahan makanan. Selain itu dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi masyarakat karena kandungan glukomanannya. Pemanfaatan glukomanan saat ini terus berkembang. Salah satu umbi yang menghasilkan glukomanan tertinggi yaitu umbi porang. Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) merupakan tanaman yang potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai komoditi ekspor karena beberapa negara membutuhkan tanaman ini sebagai bahan makanan maupun bahan industri. Tingginya harga jual umbi porang karena mengandung glukomanan hingga 70,70% (Yustino dkk., 2013). Pengetahuan masyarakat Indonesia mengenai glukomanan dan cara pengolahannya masih sangat terbatas, sehingga masyarakat hanya dapat mengolahnya dalam bentuk chips porang. Jepang merupakan negara yang banyak memanfaatkan glukomanan dari umbi porang. Oleh karenanya, negara ini membutuhkan tepung atau chips porang lebih dari 1.000 ton/tahun. Peningkatan permintaan untuk tepung porang setiap tahunnya terus mengalami peningkatan, sehingga porang memiliki peluang untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomi masyarakat, akan tetapi para petani porang memiliki masalah dalam penanganan umbi porang pascapanen yang rentan mengalami kerusakan, sehingga dapat menurunkan kualitas umbi porang. Pembusukan seringkali dapat dilihat berdasarkan perubahan warna, tekstur, dan kandungan nutrisi (P41 UB, 2013). Menurut Suswono (2013), penyimpanan hasil panen umbi dengan metode yang baik dapat menurunkan kerusakan pascapanen. Hal yang sama diungkapkan oleh Bourne (1999), bahwa untuk menghambat kerusakan pascapanen dapat dilakukan dengan pengawetan, penyimpanan terkontrol, dan pendinginan. Masa penyimpanan umbi juga sebaiknya dipertimbangkan, karena semakin lama umbi disimpan akan menyebabkan penguapan air semakin meningkat, sehingga umbi banyak kehilangan air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: a) untuk menganalisis perubahan karakter fisik umbi porang yang meliputi susut bobot, warna, bau, berat jenis dan kekerasan umbi selama penyimpanan pada tanah (T), rak (R), dan lantai (L); b) Untuk menganalisis perubahan karakter kimia umbi porang yang meliputi kadar glukomanan, kalsium oksalat, kadar air dan kadar etanol umbi selama penyimpanan pada tanah (T), rak (R), dan lantai (L); c) Menentukan tempat terbaik penyimpanan umbi porang dan masa penyimpanan maksimum; d) Membandingkan kualitas umbi porang hasil penyimpanan dengan standar SNI. Sampel umbi porang yang digunakan sebanyak 72 umbi segar dengan kriteria berat 800-1900 gram. Variasi tempat penyimpanan yaitu pada tanah (T), rak bambu (R), dan lantai (L) masing-masing tempat terdiri atas 24 umbi. Variasi waktu penyimpanan dirancang selama 14 minggu dengan pengamatan perubahan fisiko-kimia dilakukan dua minggu sekali. Suhu dan kelembaban dicatat harian pada tiga waktu, yaitu pagi, siang dan sore menggunakan detektor blynk.ub.ac.id/microclimate.php. Karakteristik fisiko-kimia perubahan gejala busuk umbi yang diamati meliputi perubahan warna (Munsell colour system), bau (bau tidak menyengat, bau menyengat, dan bau sangat menyengat), kekerasan (Penetrometer), luas area busuk umbi (Leaf Area Meter), susut bobot umbi (Asgar dan Rahayu, 2014), perhitungan persentase busuk umbi dan perhitungan persentase umbi yang bertunas (Rini, 2011), berat jenis (Munson dkk, 2004), kadar glukomanan (Chairul dan Chairul, 2006), kandungan oksalat (Sudarmadji dkk, 1997), kandungan air (Pertiwi, 2009), dan kandungan etanol (Day dan Underwood, 1999). Hasil penelitian perubahan karakter fisik umbi porang berdasarkan perubahan warna pada bagian umbi cacat bervariasi yaitu cokelat (5YR3/4) kering, cokelat berair, hitam berair dan muncul mikroorganisme (jamur putih dan belatung). Pada bagian cacat muncul bau tidak sedap yang semakin lama penyimpanan semakin menyengat. Parameter kekerasan umbi semakin lama penyimpanan kekerasan umbi menurun (3,39 - 2,1 mm/g/detik). Luas area cacat umbi (3,44 - 12,11 cm2) dan susut bobot (5,58 – 24,07 %) selama penyimpanan meningkat. Persentase umbi cacat (20 – 100 %) dan bertunas (16 – 100 %) selama penyimpanan meningkat, sedangkan berat jenis umbi porang (7,9 – 12 N/m2) berfluktuatif selama penyimpanan. Perubahan karakter kimia yaitu persentase glukomanan (2,6 – 10,9 %), kalsium oksalat (0,12 – 0,22 %) dan kadar air (76,78 – 83,47 %) berfluktuatif selama penyimpanan. Kadar etanol pada umbi semakin meningkat seiring dengan lama penyimpanan (4,5 – 8,5 %). Perubahan fisik yang dibandingkan dengan standar SNI: 7839:2013 yaitu sebaiknya umbi porang disimpan tidak lebih dari dua minggu (M-2) dan diletakkan di rak, karena berdasarkan data hasil penelitian kerusakan di rak lebih lambat dibanding umbi yang disimpan di tanah dan lantai.
English Abstract
Indonesia is a country that has abundant natural resources. One of the natural resources that can be found is Araceae family. Some families of Araceae usually used as food ingredients by the community. In addition, it can increase the economic value of the community because of its glucomannan content. The use of glucomannan is currently growing. One of the highest glucomannan production tubers is porang tuber. Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is a plant that has the potential to be developed as an export commodity because some countries need this plant as food and industrial material. Porang tuber has high selling price because it contains glucomannan up to 70,70% (Yustino et al., 2013). The knowledge of the Indonesian people regarding glucomannan and its processing methods are still very limited. Indonesian people can only process it into porang chips. Japan is a country that uses a lot of glucomannan from porang tubers. Therefore, this country needs flour or chips porang more than 1,000 tons/year. Increasing demand for porang flour every year, makes porang has the opportunity to increase the economic value of the community. However, porang farmers have problems in handling post-harvest porang tubers which are susceptible to damage, thus reducing the quality of porang tubers. Tubers decay can often be seen based on changes in colour, texture, and nutrient content (P41 UB, 2013). According to Suswono (2013), storing tuber crops with a good method can reduce postharvest damage. The same statement is expressed by Bourne (1999), to inhibit postharvest damage can be done by preservation, controlled storage, and cooling. The storage period for tubers should also be considered, because the longer the tubers storege period, the more evaporation of water increases, therefore the tubers lose a lot of water. The objectives of this study were: a) analyze changes in physical characteristics of porang tubers which included weight loss, color, odor, specific gravity and tuber hardness during storage on soil (S), rack (R), and floor (F); b) analyze changes in the chemical characteristics of porang tubers including levels of glucomannan, calcium oxalate, water content and ethanol levels of tubers during storage on soil (S), rack (R), and floor (F); c) determine the best place for storing porang tubers and maximum storage period; d) comparing the quality of porang tubers from storage with SNI standards. Seventy two fresh porang tuber samples were used with weight criterion of 800-1900 grams. Variations in storage were on the soil (S), bamboo racks (R), and floor (F), each place consists of 24 tubers. Observation of physico-chemical changes were carried out every two weeks for 14 weeks. Temperature and humidity were recorded daily at three times: morning, afternoon and evening using the blynk.ub.ac.id/microclimate.php detector. The physico-chemical characteristics of changes in tuberous rot symptoms observed including colour change (Munsell color system), odor (the smell was not pungent, the smell was pungent, and the smell was very strong), hardness (Penetrometer), area of tuber rot (Leaf Area Meter), shrinkage tuber weight (Asgar and Rahayu, 2014), calculation of the tuber rot percentage and calculation of the tubers percentage (Rini, 2011), specific gravity (Munson et al, 2004), glucomannan content (Chairul and Chairul, 2006), oxalate content (Sudarmadji et al, 1997), water content (Pertiwi, 2009), and ethanol content (Day and Underwood, 1999). The results of this study was the change of the physical characteristics of porang tubers. Discoloration occurred in the part of the deformed tuber were varied: brown (5YR3 / 4) dry, watery brown, watery black and appearing microorganisms (white molds and maggots). In the defective part, there was a bad odor, the longer the storage becomes more stinging. While in the parameter of tuber hardness, the longer the storage duration, the tuber hardness decreased (3,39 – 2,1 mm /g/sec). The area of tuber defect (3,44 – 12,11 cm2) and weight loss (5,58 – 24,07%) during the increase of tubers storage duration. The percentage of deformed tubers (20 - 100%) and germination (16 - 100%) during the increase of tubers storage duration, while the specific weight of porang tuber (7,9 - 12 N / m2) fluctuated during storage. Changes in chemical characters were the percentage of glucomannan (2,6 – 10,9%), calcium oxalate (0,12 – 0,22%) and water content (76,78 – 83,47%) fluctuated during storage. Ethanol content in tubers increases with the length of tubers storage duration (4,5 - 8,5%). Physical changes compared to the SNI: 7839: 2013 standard are better if porang tubers are stored no more than two weeks (M-2) and placed on a rack This research data also proved that the damage of porang tubers stored in the rack is slower than on the soil and floor
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | TES/584.64/ALA/p/2019/041901497 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | AMORPHOPHALLUS |
| Subjects: | 500 Natural sciences and mathematics > 584 Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) > 584.6 Cyclanthales, Arales, Pandanales, Typhales > 584.64 Arales |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Biologi, Fakultas MIPA |
| Depositing User: | Budi Wahyono Wahyono |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Jan 2020 07:00 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Oct 2021 03:17 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/178179 |
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