Trisnawati, Yuyun (2019) Analisis Efisiensi Pemasaran Bawang Merah di Desa Banaran Kulon, Kecamatan Bagor, Kabupaten Nganjuk. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Bawang merah (Allium cepa) merupakan salah satu komoditi hortikultura unggulan di Jawa Timur (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016a). Sentra produksi bawang merah di Jawa Timur berada di Kabupaten Nganjuk. Wilayah potensial untuk pengembangan bawang merah di Kabupaten Nganjuk adalah Kecamatan Bagor karena memiliki tanah yang subur dan sudah diterapkan irigasi modern (Fitriyati A. S. dan Adjie P., 2013). Desa Banaran Kulon merupakan desa penghasil bawang merah terbesar di Kecamatn Bagor. Adanya potensi produksi bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon perlu diimbangi dengan sistem pemasaran yang baik. Proses pemasaran bawang merah biasanya dihadapkan pada harga yang fluktuatif. Harga bawang merah di tingkat produsen dan konsumen Kabupaten Nganjuk mengalami kenaikan rata-rata sebesar 68,65 persen dan 62,1 persen pada Bulan Februari hingga April 2018. Bulan selanjutnya yaitu Mei hingga November 2018, harga bawang merah baik di tingkat produsen dan konsumen terus mengalami penurunan dengan rata-rata sebesar 18,6 persen untuk harga di tingkat produsen dan 11,2 persen untuk harga di tingkat konsumen. Fluktuasi harga bawang merah tersebut juga dirasakan oleh para petani bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon, sehingga mereka lebih memilih langsung menjual hasil panennya kepada tengkulak di sekitar daerah desa tersebut. Menurut Magfiroh et all (2017) fluktuasi harga bawang merah di tingkat konsumen menyebabkan marjin pemasaran yang dihasilkan juga relatif sangat tinggi. Apabila semakin tinggi marjin yang diperoleh maka pemasaran semakin tidak efisien (Rasoki T., Anna F. dan Amzul R., 2016). Mubyarto (1977) mengatakan bahwa ada dua syarat agar pemasaran dapat dikatakan efisien, yaitu pemasar mampu mendistribusikan produk pertanian ke konsumen dengan harga atau biaya terjangkau dan terjadi pembagian secara adil dari keseluruhan harga yang dibayarkan konsumen akhir kepada seluruh pihak yang terlibat dari produsen hingga konsumen akhir. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk dilakukan penelitian mengenai analisis efisiensi pemasaran bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon, Kecamatan Bagor, Kabupaten Nganjuk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengidentifikasi pemasaran bawang merah yang meliputi lembaga pemasaran, saluran pemasaran dan fungsi pemasaran bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon, Kecamatan Bagor, Kabupaten Nganjuk dan (2) Menganalisis tingkat efisiensi pemasaran bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon, Kecamatan Bagor, Kabupaten Nganjuk. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Banaran Kulon, Kecamatan Bagor, Kabupaten Nganjuk yang ditentukan secara purposive. Penentuan responden petani bawang merah ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode simple random sampling. Jumlah sample ditentukan dengan menggunakan rumus Slovin. Berdasarkan perhitungan dengan rumus tersebut diperoleh sample sebanyak 43 petani bawang merah. Pengambilan sample lembaga pemasaran bawang merah dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode snowball sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara dan observasi. Indikator yang digunakan dalam analisis efisiensi pemasaran meliputi ii marjin pemasaran, share harga, rasio keuntungan dan biaya, analisis efisiensi harga, analisis efisiensi operasional dan analisis struktur pasar menggunakan CR4 (Concentration Ratio) dan HHI (Herfindhal Hirschman Index). Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan maka diketahui pemasaran bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon, Kecamatan Bagor, Kabupaten Nganjuk membentuk 8 saluran pemasaran, yaitu: (1) Petani – tengkulak 1 – pedagang besar 1 – commission agent 1 – konsumen Madiun. (2) Petani – tengkulak 1 – pedagang besar 1 – commission agent 1 – pedagang pengecer Pasar Wage – konsumen Nganjuk. (3) Petani – tengkulak 2 – pedagang pengecer Pasar Bagor – konsumen Nganjuk (4) Petani – tengkulak 3 – commission agent 2 (Grade A) – konsumen Jombang. (5) Petani – tengkulak 3 – commission agent 2 (Grade B) – konsumen Jombang. (6) Petani – tengkulak 4 – pedagang besar 2 – commission agent 3 – pedagang olahan makanan Magetan. (7) Petani – broker – pedagang besar 3 – commission agent 4 – konsumen Magetan. (8) Petani – tengkulak 5 – pedagang besar 4 – commission agent 4 – konsumen Magetan. Fungsi pemasaran yang dilakukan lembaga pemasaran bawang merah dari Desa Banaran Kulon adalah pengeringan, pemotongan, sortir, grading, penimbangan, pengemasan, bongkar muat, transportasi, dan penyusutan. Tingkat efisiensi pemasaran bawang merah di daerah penelitian dikatakan efisien berdasarkan 6 indikator yaitu marjin pemasaran, share harga petani, rasio keuntungan dan biaya, efisiensi harga, efisiensi operasional serta struktur pasar bawang merah dari Desa Banaran Kulon. Berdasarkan analisis marjin dan distribusi marjin pemasaran bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon, hasil menunjukkan pemasaran bawang merah sudah efisien. Berdasarkan analisis share harga petani, dinyatakan efisien karena share harga yang diterima petani lebih dari 50 persen, dan hasil analisis rasio keuntungan dan biaya dinyatakan efisien karena lembaga pemasaran memperoleh nilai rasio lebih dari 1, kecuali pedagang pengecer Pasar Wage dan pedagang pengecer Pasar Bagor. Apabila dilihat dari efisiensi harga, pemasaran bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon sudah efisien karena selisih harga lebih besar dibandingkan dengan biaya pemasaran yang dikeluarkan yaitu biaya transportasi dan processing. Efisiensi operasional pemasaran bawang merah di Desa Banaran Kulon efisien menurut faktor biaya karena sebagian besar lembaga pemasaran menggunakan fasilitas transportasi secara optimal atau sesuai kapasitas normal angkutan. Berdasarkan analisis CR4 dan analisis HHI menunjukkan struktur pasar bawang merah dari Desa Banaran Kulon berada pada struktur pasar oligopsoni.
English Abstract
Shallot (Allium cepa) is one of top horticultural commodities in East Java (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016a). The center of shallot production in East Java is Nganjuk Regency. The potential area for shallot development in Nganjuk Regency is Bagor District because it has fertile land and has been applied to modern irrigation (Fitriyati A. S. dan Adjie P., 2013). Banaran Kulon Village is the largest shallot producing village in Bagor District. The potential for shallot production in Banaran Kulon Village needs to be balance with a good marketing system. The marketing process of shallots usually face fluctuation prices. The price of shallots at Nganjuk Regency producer and consumer level have increased by an average of 68.65 percent and 62.1 percent in February to April 2018. The following month, which is May to November 2018, the price of shallots at the producer and consumer level decreased by an average of 18.6 percent for producer prices level and 11.2 percent for consumer prices level. The shallot price fluctuations were also felt by the shallot farmers in Banaran Kulon Village, so they preferred to directly sell their crops to middleman around the village area. According to Magfiroh et all (2017) fluctuations in the price of shallots at the consumer level cause the marketing margins produced are also relatively very high. If the higher the margin obtained, marketing is increasingly inefficient (Rasoki T., Anna F. dan Amzul R., 2016). Mubyarto (1977) said that there are two conditions for marketing to be efficient, namely marketers are able to distribute agricultural products to consumers at affordable prices or costs and there is a fair distribution of the overall price paid by end consumers to all parties involved from producers to end consumers. Therefore, it is important to do research about analysis of marketing efficiency of shallots in Banaran Kulon Village, Bagor District, Nganjuk Regency. The purposes of this study are (1) To identify red onion marketing which includes marketing institutions, marketing channels and marketing function of shallots in Banaran Kulon Village, Bagor District, Nganjuk Regency and (2) Analyze the efficiency level of shallot marketing in Banaran Kulon Village, Bagor District, Nganjuk Regency. The study was conducted in Banaran Kulon Village, Bagor District, Nganjuk Regency which was determined purposively. Determination of respondents shallot farmers was determined using the simple random sampling method. The number of samples is determined using the Slovin formula. Based on calculations with this formula, a sample of 43 shallots farmers was obtained. Sampling of shallot marketing institutions was carried out using the snowball sampling method. Data collection is done by interview and observation methods. The analytical tools used include the efficiency analysis of the marketing margin approach, share price, profit and cost ratio, price efficiency analysis, operational efficiency analysis and market structure analysis with CR4 (Concentration Ratio) and HHI (Herfindhal Hirschman Index). Based on the research that has been done, it is known that the shallot marketing channel in Banaran Kulon Village, Bagor District, Nganjuk Regency iv has 8 marketing channels, namely: (1) Farmers - middleman 1 - wholesaler 1 - commission agent 1 - Madiun consumers. (2) Farmers - middleman 1 - wholesaler 1 - commission agent 1 - retailer Pasar Wage - Nganjuk consumer. (3) Farmers - middleman 2 - Bagor Market retailers - Nganjuk consumers (4) Farmers - middleman 3 - commission agent 2 (Grade A) - Jombang consumers. (5) Farmers - middleman 3 - commission agent 2 (Grade B) - Jombang consumers. (6) Farmers - middleman 4 - wholesalers 2 - commission agent 3 - Magetan food processing traders. (7) Farmers - brokers - wholesalers 3 - commission agent 4 - consumer Magetan. (8) Farmers - middleman 5 - wholesalers 4 - commission agent 4 - consumer Magetan. The marketing function carried out by the shallot marketing institution from Banaran Kulon Village is drying, cutting, sorting, grading, weighing, packaging, loading and unloading, transportation, and shrinkage. The level of efficiency of marketing shallots in the research area is said to be efficient based on 6 indicators, namely marketing margins, share of farmer prices, profit and cost ratio, price efficiency, operational efficiency and analyzes the market structure of shallots from Banaran Kulon Village. Based on the margin analysis and distribution of shallot marketing margins in Banaran Kulon Village, the results show that the marketing of shallots is efficient but still needs to be improved in minimizing marketing costs so that it can benefit all parties, namely shallot marketing institutions. Based on the share price analysis of farmers, it was declared efficient because the share price received by farmers was more than 50 percent, and the results of the profit and cost ratio analysis were declared efficient because the marketing agency obtained a ratio of more than 1, except Wage Market retailers and retailers Bagor Market. When viewed from price efficiency, marketing of shallots in Banaran Kulon Village is efficient because the price difference is greater than the marketing costs incurred, namely transportation and processing costs. The operational efficiency of marketing shallots in Banaran Kulon Village is efficient according to cost factors because most marketing agencies use transportation facilities optimally or according to the normal capacity of transport. Based on CR4 analysis and HHI analysis shows the market structure of shallots from Banaran Kulon Village is in the oligopsonic market structure.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Sarjana) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | SKR/FP/2019/84/051906779 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | - |
| Subjects: | 300 Social sciences > 338 Production > 338.1 Agriculture > 338.17 Products > 338.175 25 Products (Onions) |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Pertanian > Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Endang Susworini |
| Date Deposited: | 24 Aug 2020 06:58 |
| Last Modified: | 24 Aug 2020 06:58 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/172889 |
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