Rengkung, Joseph (2018) Tipo-Morfologi Arsitektur Rumah Tinggal Masyarakat Etnik Minahasa Di Desa Talawaan Minahasa Utara. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Masyarakat etnik Minahasa di Desa Talawaan dahulu dalam membangun rumah tinggal mereka mulai dari persiapan, pengambilan material sampai pelaksanaan menggunakan metode sendiri dengan persyaratan tidak tertulis yang harus diikuti. Metode inilah kemudian disebut sebagai pengetahuan lokal, merupakan kearifan lokal bidang arsitektur terdapat di desa tersebut yang perlu dilestarikan serta diketahui banyak orang. Upaya mengetahui terhadap fenomena ini mendorong keingintahuan peneliti, sehingga melakukan penelitian terhadap Tipo-morfologi arsitektur rumah tinggal masyarakat etnik Minahasa di Desa Talawaan Minahasa Utara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengkaji tipo-morfologi terdiri dari tipologi dan morfologi, dalam proses analisis melalui identifikasi serta mengklasifikasi objek yang sama maupun berbeda tipe terhadap unit analisis dalam penelitian ini. Proses analisis tipologi dijadikan parameter untuk kajian morfologi korelasi dengan sosial budaya masyarakat setempat. Pemilihan Desa Talawaan sebagai lokasi penelitian karena desa tersebut masih ditemukan rumah tinggal yang memiliki kekhasan tipologi. Tergolong tua terpelihara dengan baik dan dalam membangun diduga menggunakan pengetahuan lokal. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah salah satu desa adat dan desa tertua di Minahasa Utara yang secara geografi letak dekat dengan Desa Kema sebagai ‘salah satu desa awal berkembang etnik Minahasa turunan para leluhur Toar dan Lumimuut di tanah Minahasa’ (Gosal et al.,2008) Metode digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu metode kualitatif fenomenologi sebagai anatomik dari penelitian ini. Empat tema diperoleh dari penelitian ini, yaitu (1) tema Desa Talawaan, (2) tema budaya masyarakat, (3) tema arsitektur rumah tinggal dan (4) tema tipologi serta morfologi arsitektur. Analisis dilakukan untuk setiap tema dan ditemukan konsep konsep, yaitu untuk Desa Talawaan ditemukan warisan budaya leluhur yang diperoleh secara turun temurun dalam kehidupan sosial masyarakat mempengaruhi perwujudan arsitektur rumah tinggal. Untuk tipologi dan morfologi yang analisis terkait dengan fisik rumah tinggal dibuat periodesasi sesuai tahun keberadaan, terdiri dari tiga periode (awal, tengah dan akhir). Masing masing periode dianalisis sesuai dengan kondisi rumah tinggal tipologi rumah panggung yang terdiri dari tipologi kolong dan tipologi tingkat. Untuk tipologi kolong variabel kajian; tipe denah dasar bangunan, struktur pondasi, balok sloof dan kolom. Tipologi tingkat variabel kajian; tipe denah dasar bangunan, struktur kolom, lantai, dinding dan atap dan tipologi fasad depan rumah tinggal variabel kajian detail pintu, jendela, ventilasi dan tangga depan. Hasil kajian ditemukan konsep konsep antara lain; konsep struktur sumeleng pada tipologi kolong, konsep struktur kalawit pada tipologi tingkat dan konsep struktur tumongkor pada tipologi atap. Pekerjaan struktur tersebut dilakukan dengan metode sendiri dan persyaratan tidak tertulis yang harus diikuti. Sedangkan tipologi fasad depan rumah tinggal ditemukan konsep yang dominan, yaitu tanda salib teraplikasi pada detail pintu dan jendela. Tanda ini dapat dimaknai sebagai identitas pemilik rumah tinggal beragama Kristen. Hasil analisis tipologi menjadi parameter untuk analisis morfologi dan hasil ditemukan masing masing periode baik untuk tipologi kolong maupun tipologi tingkat terjadi perubahan.
English Abstract
The Minahasa ethnic community in Talawaan Village used to build their homes, usually starting from the preparation, the provision of materials to the construction phase using its own method which refers to a number of unwritten requirements to be followed. These methods can be seen as a form of local wisdom in the field of architecture that needs to be preserved and known to many people. This phenomenon encourages researchers' curiosity to conduct research entitled "Typo-morphology of the Architecture of Minahasa Ethnic Community Houses in Talawaan Village of North Minahasa". The purpose of this research is to understand the typology and morphology aspects of Minahasa ethnic residence in Talawaan village which can also be viewed as research object or unit of analysis. This typomorphology study specifically focuses on identifying and classifying the object by their similarities and differences of certain characteristics through the analysis of some samples. Aspects of object typology are used as parameters of morphological studies in correlation with the sociocultural aspects of the communities. Talawaan village was chosen as a research location because in this village can still be found a number of houses that are old in age, well preserved and have unique typology. These houses were thought to have been built in the past using specific local knowledge as well. The selection of this location is also driven by information that this village is one of the oldest ingenious villages in North Minahasa region geographically located close to Kema Village which is also 'one of the earliest villages where the Minahasa ethnic community thrived as descendants of Toar and Lumimuut, which are believed to be the ancestors of Minahasa people' (Gosal et al., 2008). The method used is qualitative phenomenological method in accordance with the anatomy of this research. Four thematic aspects become the search path of this research, namely (1) Talawaan village, (2) community culture, (3) residential architecture and (4) typology and morphology of architecture. Through analysis conducted on each thematic aspect, a number of concepts were found. For the first three themes it is found that in this Talawaan village, the sociocultural heritage from generation to generation really influences the architectural manifestation of the local traditional houses. For the typology and morphology aspects related to the physical of the houses there is an indication of periodization based on time which consists of three periods (beginning, middle and end). Each period was analyzed according to the typology of the stage or stilt house consisting of the elevated main floor and the lower part called 'kolong'. For the typology of the main floor, the study variables include the basic floor plan, structure of the columns, floor, wall and roof. For the typology of the 'kolong', the study variables include the basic building plan, the structure of foundation, the 'sloof' beams and the columns. In addition to the analysis of the typology of the main floor and the kolong, the analysis is also done for the typology of building facades (front facade). In this aspect the variables studied include the details of doors, windows, ventilations and the front stairs. As a result of the study a number of concepts was found, among others; the concept of 'kalawit' structure on the typology the main floor, the concept of 'sumeleng' structure on the 'kolong' and the concept of 'tumongkor' structure on the roof. The typology of the structure was developed by a special method with unwritten requirements to be followed. As in the typology of the front facade a dominant concept was found in form of the sign of a cross applied to the details of doors and windows. This sign can be interpreted as the religious identity of the owner as a Christian family. The results of typology analysis to further become parameters for the morphology analysis of the houses which results showed that in each period, both the typology of the main floor and the 'kolong' have some significant changes.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DIS/728.37/REN/t/2018/061802718 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | ARCHITECT - DESIGNED HOUSE, ARCHITECTURE, DOMESTIC, MINAHASA (Indonesian people), INDONESIA - MINAHASA |
| Subjects: | 700 The Arts > 728 Residential and related buildings > 728.3 Specific kinds of conventional housing > 728.37 Separate houses |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 09 Jan 2019 01:39 |
| Last Modified: | 19 Oct 2021 07:13 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/162571 |
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