Sasmito, Handono (2013) Produksi Biodiesel dari Biji Karet dengan Gelombang Mikro. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Biodiesel merupakan sumber energi alternatif pengganti solar yang terbuat dari minyak tumbuhan atau lemak hewan. Sumber energi alternatif ini direncanakan akhir tahun 2012 ditargetkan dapat menggantikan 10% kebutuhan solar nasional dan akan bertambah menjadi 15% pada akhir tahun 2015. Bahan baku dalam pengembangan biodiesel merupakan masalah yang krusial. Namun demikian, Indonesia kaya akan minyak nabati seperti minyak sawit, minyak jarak, minyak limbah sawit, dan minyak biji karet yang potensial sebagai bahan baku biodiesel di masa mendatang. Minyak biji karet memiliki kandungan asam lemak tinggi yaitu 17%, namun harus melalui proses lain sebelum dilakukan proses transesterifikasi. Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan komposisi zat kimia yang relatif akomodatif terhadap sifat fisik biodiesel yang mengacu pada standar umum. Selain itu ditinjau pula efek penggunaan gelombang mikro. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian eksperimental, yaitu dengan melakukan pengamatan secara langsung untuk mencari data sebab akibat melalui eksperimen sehingga didapatkan data empiris. Dalam hal ini obyek penelitian yang diamati adalah pengaruh variasi katalis H2SO4 dan persentase metanol, pengaruh temperatur dan persentase metanol, pengaruh temperatur dan persentase NaOH, dan pengaruh temperatur dan persentase KOH pada transesterifikasi minyak biji karet terhadap sifat fisik biodiesel. Adapun sifat fisik biodiesel yang akan diamati meliputi massa jenis, viskositas, indeks setana, nilai kalor, dan titik nyala api. Selain itu diamati pula efek penggunaan gelombang mikro. Hasil yang didapat antara lain: 1) Semakin tinggi persentase katalis H2SO4 (1%) dan persentase metanol (30%) pada esterifikasi minyak biji karet maka diperoleh sifat fisik yang lebih baik (ρ = 894,9 kg/mm 3 , ε = 5,165 mm 2 /s dan nilai kalor 10417,49 kkal/kg, titik nyala = 193.5°C); 2) Bertambahnya temperatur transesterifikasi (60°C) dan persentase metanol (30%) akan menghasilkan sifat fisik yang lebih baik (ρ = 895,2 kg/mm 3 , ε = 7,31 mm 2 /s, titik nyala = 183°C, angka setana = 44,69 dan nilai kalor 10284 kkal/kg); 3) Semakin besar persentase sodium hidroksida (NaOH = 0,75%), dan temperatur transesterifikasi (60°C) akan didapatkan sifat fisik yang lebih baik yaitu penurunan massa jenis (897,6 g/m 3 ), viskositas (ε = 7,82 mm 2 /s), dan titik nyala (213°C) sedangkan pada nilai kalor (9691 kkal/kg) dan indeks setana (41,83) mengalami peningkatan; 4) Semakin tinggi persentase katalis kalium hidroksida (KOH=1,25%) dan semakin lama waktu transesterifikasi (60 menit) minyak biji karet maka diperoleh sifat fisik yang lebih baik (ρ = 897,1 kg/mm 3 , ε = 7,8 mm 2 /s, titik nyala = 194°C, angka setana = 44,43 dan nilai kalor 10279 kkal/kg); dan 5) Efek penggunaan gelombang mikro akan menaikkan temperatur dan mempercepat waktu reaksi transesterifikasi dari 60 menit menjadi ± 5 menit. Sifat fisik yang lebih baik dalam hal ini yaitu semakin menurunnya massa jenis, viskositas, dan titik nyala serta serta semakin meningkatnya nilai kalor dan indeks setana (sesuai dengan standar nasional Indonesia tentang biodiesel).
English Abstract
Biodiesel was an alternative energy sources. It was as substitution of solar which made of vegetable oil or animal fatty. By the end of 2012, this alternative energy sources was planned to be targeted can substitute 10% of national solar need and it will increase to 15% at the end of 2015. The raw material in development of biodiesel was a crucial problem. However, Indonesia was rich of vegetable oil like palm-oil, jatropha, palm waste oil, and rubber seed oil, which was potential as raw materials of biodiesel in the coming years. Rubber seed oil had high content of fatty (± 17%), but it had to be through other process before being carried out the process of transesterification. In general, the aim of this study was to produce the chemical composition due to suitable physical characteristic of biodiesel which was approximate to Indonesian national standard of biodiesel. Otherwise it was observed too the effect of using microwave. This study was conducted by using experimental research. It was carried out to observe empirical data directly by experiment. The research objects of this study was included the effect of using variation of H2SO4 catalyst volume, methanol volume, temperature, Na OH catalyst volume, KOH catalyst volume at the esterification of rubber seed due to physical characteristic of biodiesel. The physical characteristics of biodiesel were included density, viscosity, cetane index, calorific value, and flash point. The effect of using microwave was observed too. The results of this study were the better physical characteristic of biodiesel was produced by using 1) higher H2SO4 catalyst volume (1%) and methanol volume (30%) at esterification process of rubber seed, would result a better physical elements (ρ = 894,9 kg/mm 3 , ε = 5,165 mm 2 /s and calorific value of 10417,49 kkal/kg, flash point = 193.5°C); 2) The higher temperature (60°C) and methanol percentage (30%) at the trans esterification process, would give a better result (ρ = 895,2 kg/mm 3 , ε = 7,31 mm 2 /s, flash point = 183°C, cetane index = 44,69 and a calorific value of 10284 kcal/kg); 3) A higher NaOH volume (0,75%) and a temperature of 60°C at the trans esterification process would give a lower result but a better performance, which is ρ = 897,6 g/m3, viscosity = 7,82 mm 2 /s, cetana index (41,83); 4) A higher KOH volume (1,25%) and a longer time of reaction (60°C). The better physical characteristics of biodiesel were indicated by the decreasing of density, viscosity, flash point and the increasing of calorific value and cetane index (it was due to Indonesian national standard of biodiesel). The effect of using microwave was shortening the trans esterification proses from 60 minutes to about 5 minutes because microwave could increase the temperature of trans esterification reaction and accelerate the time of reaction.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DES/662.88/SAS/p/061307010 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 662 Explosives of explosives, fuels, related products > 662.8 Other fuels |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik |
| Depositing User: | Endro Setyobudi |
| Date Deposited: | 24 Apr 2014 14:28 |
| Last Modified: | 24 Apr 2014 14:28 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/161336 |
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