Nugroho, Hary (2012) Produktivitas Sapi Peranakan Ongole dan Silangannya di Peternakan Rakyat pada Ketinggian Tempat yang Berbeda di Jawa Timur. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Penelitian dilaksanakan di kecamatan Nguling kabupaten Pasuruan dengan ketinggian tempat 5 m dari permukaan laut dan di kecamatan Poncokusumo kabupaten Malang dengan ketinggian tempat 700 m dari permukaan laut.. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) dan sapi silangan PO (Limpo). Pemilihan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara sengaja ( purposive sampling ) bahwa didaerah tersebut peternak mengembangkan pembibitan sapi PO dan sapi Limpo pada ketinggian tempat yang berbeda. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1. melakukan kajian performans produksi dan reproduksi sapi PO dan silangannya pada kondisi lingkungan yang berbeda, 2.menganalisis interaksi genotype dan lingkungan terhadap sifat produksi dan reproduksi sapi PO dan silangannya, 3. Menghitung rugi laba sapi PO dan silangannya pada ketinggian tempat yang berbeda. Tahap penelitian terdiri dari 1. Mengukur aspek produksi,yang meliputi bobot lahir, bobot sapih (bobot sapih 105 hari dan bobot badan umur 365 hari), pertambahan bobot badan, heat tolerance coefficient (HTC), 2. Mengukur aspek reproduksi yang meliputi: service per conception, Days Open, Calving Interval, Conception Rate . 3. Perhitungan Ekonomi Usaha yang meliputi biaya produksi, penerimaan dan keuntungan. 4. Pakan Ternak yang meliputi : konsumsi bahan kering dan konsumsi protein kasar. Hasil penelitian 1 (produksi), menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata bobot lahir sapi PO lebih rendah dari pada rata-rata bobot lahir sapi Limpo yaitu 28,47 ± 1,73 kg dan 33,35 kg ± 6,00 kg dan ketinggian tempat dari permukaan laut tidak berpengaruh terhadap bobot lahir. Lokasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap bobot sapih sapi 105 hari dimana rata-rata berat sapih di dataran rendah (Nguling) sapi PO 71,77±12,12 kg dan sapi PO di dataran tinggi (Poncokusumo) 76,76 ± 9,30 kg, rata-rata berat sapih sapi Limpo umur 105 hari di dataran rendah adalah 80,89 ± 17,12 kg dan yang berada di dataran tinggi 92,17 ± 24,86 kg (P<0,05). Terdapat pengaruh bangsa dan lokasi terhadap pertambahan bobot badan dan berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dimana rata-rata pertambahan bobot badan sapi PO di dataran rendah 0,41 ± 0,11 kg dan di dataran tinggi 0,46 ± 0,08 kg. Rata-rata pertambahan bobot badan sapi Limpo di dataran rendah 0,45 ± 0,18 kg dan di dataran tinggi 0,50 ± 0,23 kg. Terdapat pengaruh yang sangat nyata (P<0,01) antara F1 sapi Limpo dengan G2 sapi limpo terhadap berat sapih 105, BS 105 di dataran rendah 98,33 ± 17,90 kg dan di dataran tinggi 106,86 ± 21,44 kg sedang BS sapi limpo F1 di dataran rendah 80,79 ±17,28 kg dan di dataran tinggi 91,44 ± 25,49kg. Bobot badan umur sapi 365 hari dipengaruhi oleh bangsa dan lokasi dan berbeda sangat nyata (P<0,01), dimana rata-rata bobot badan sapi PO di dataran rendah 153,70 ± 26,38 kg dan di dataran tinggi 160,59 ± 33,65 kg, sedang rata-rata bobot badan umur 365 sapi limpo di dataran rendah 155,02 ± 26,88 kg dan di dataran tinggi 237,52 ± 34,47 kg. Terdapat interaksi genetik dan lingkungan, sapi PO yang berada di dataran rendah dapat beradaptasi dengan baik dengan memanfaatkan pakan kualitas rendah dan dapat tetap berproduksi dengan baik dari pada sapi Limpo, sedang di dataran tinggi sapi limpo dapat mengekspresikan performans secara optimal melebihi sapi PO. Pertambahan bobot badan sapi umur 365 hari dipengaruhi oleh bangsa dan lokasi (P<0.01) Rata-rata pertambahan bobot badan sapi PO di dataran rendah 0,31 ± 0,10 kg dan di dataran tinggi 0,32 ± 0,12 kg,sedang pertambahan bobot badan sapi Limpo umur 365 hari di dataran rendah 0,28 ± 0,10kg dan di dataran tinggi 0,56 ± 0,13 kg. Rata-rata nilai HTC sapi PO dan Limpo dipengaruhi oleh lokasi yaitu rata-rata HTC sapi PO di dataran rendah 2,63 ± 0.14 dan di dataran tinggi 2,25 ± 0,25, sedang ratarata HTC sapi Limpo di dataran rendah 2,82 ± 0,13 dan di dataran tinggi 2,16 ± 0,24. Sapi-sapi yang berada di dataran rendah terjadi cekaman panas dengan ditandai dengan HTC yang cukup tinggi. Hasil penelitian 2 (reproduksi) menunjukkan bahwa lokasi berpengaruh terhadap umur pertama kali kawin (P<0,01).Rata-rata sapi PO yang berada di dataran rendah umur pertama kali kawin 2,17 ± 0,81 tahun dan di dataran tinggi 1,74 ± 0,33 tahun, sedang sapi Limpo umur pertama kali kawin di dataran rendah 2,06 ± 0,73 tahun dan di dataran tinggi 1,67 ± 0,30 tahun. Umur pertama kali kawin di dataran rendah lebih lama karena ada cekaman panas dan kualitas pakan kurang baik. Lokasi berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap service per conception (P<0,01), dimana rata-rata S/C sapi PO yang berada di dataran rendah 1,63 ± 0,77 dan di dataran tinggi S/C 1,94 ± 0,87, sedang pada sapi Limpo rata-rata S/C di dataran rendah adalah 1,65 ± 0,68 dan di dataran tinggi 2,00 ± 1,14 Lokasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap days open (P<0,05), rata-rata days open sapi PO di dataran rendah 4,28 ± 0,87 bulan dan di dataran tinggi 4,89 ± 0,83 bulan, sedang rata-rata days open pada sapi Limpo di dataran rendah 4,89 ± 0,29 bulan dan di dataran tinggi 4,85 ± 0,77, lamanya days open sebagai akibat pakan yang kurang baik sehingga akan mempengaruhi fertilitas. Bangsa dan lokasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap calving Interval , dimana rata-rata calving interval sapi PO di dataran rendah 14,11 ± 1,23 bulan dan di dataran tinggi 14,57 ± 1,53 bulan sedang pada sapi Limpo rata-ata calving interval di dataran rendah 14,14 ± 1,72 bulan dan di dataran tinggi 14,34 ± 1,55 bulan dan tidak ada pengaruh BCS terhadap effisiensi reproduksi baik pada sapi PO dan Limpo pada ketinggian tempat yang berbeda.
English Abstract
The study to evaluate the effects of altitudes on the productivity, reproductive performances, genotype x environment interaction, economic benefits at farmers in PO-Cattle and its crosses with male Limousin (Limpo) cattle was conducted in the field condition of Nguling, Pasuruan and Poncokusumo, Malang with different altitudes about 5 m and 700 m above sea levels, respectively. These locations were selected with considerations that those two regions have different environmental condition, especially in daily temperature (32.5 ± 2.14 oC vs. 27.8 ± 1.72 oC) and relative humidity (59.9 ± 6.2% vs. 76.69 ± 4.39%) as consequence to the different altitudes, and that both locations known as natural central breeding for PO (Peranakan Ongole) and its crosses with male Limousin cattle as known as Limpo. This study was conducted using survey method, without any intervention or treatment to the research objects. A total of 995 mixed sexes, ages and breeds of cattle consiting of 359 and 63 PO cattle in low- and high altitudes, and of 269 and 304 Limpo cattle in respective altitudes were used in this study. Four main indicator aspects were subjected in this study: (1) productive performances (birth weight, BW; weaning weight corrected to 105 days, WW; yearling weight, YW; average daily gain, ADG; heat tolerance coefficient, HTC; genotype x environment interaction, GEI), (2) reproductive performances (service per conception, S/C; days open, DO; calving interval, CI and conception rate, CR), (3) economic benefit analysis (production cost, PC; revenue, R; benefits, B), and (4) feed analysis consumed (dry matter concumption, DMC; crude protein consumption, CPC). The results of production aspects showed that the birth weight (BW) of PO lower (P<0.01) than the Limpo cattle (28.47 ± 1.73 kg vs. 33.35 ± 6.00.kg) in both environment conditions. However, the altitudes did not affect on the BW in both breeds of cattle. Weaning weight (WW) was affected (P<0.05) by environment conditions in both breeds of cattle (PO: 71.77 ± 12.12 kg vs 76.75 ± 9.30 kg; Limpo: 80.89 ± 17.12 kg vs.92.17 ± 24.86 kg, in low and high altitudes, respectively). High significant differences (P<0.01) were observed as an effect of altitudes and breeds on ADG. While ADG of PO cattle were 0.41 ± 0.11.kg and 0.46 ± 0.08 kg, ADG in Limpo cattle were 0.45 ±0.18 kg and 0.50 ± 0.23 kg, for low and high altitudes, respectively. The genetic composition of Limpo showed high significant effect (P<0.01) on WW (82.92±19.49 vs. 106.09 ± 21.21 kg, for F1 and G2 respectively). The yearling weight (YW) was significantly affected by breeds and environment conditions (P<0.01). YW of PO in low altitude was lower than those for high altitude (153.70 ± 26.38kg vs. 160.59 ± 33.65 kg) as well as for Limpo (155.02 ± 26.88 kg vs. 237.52 ± 34.47 kg). Genotype x environment interaction was observed in this study. PO cattle showed better adaptation in lower altitude indicated by high capability in use of lower feed quality to perform optimal ADG, whereas the Limpo cattle was more adapted in higher region. Average daily gain (ADG) 365 days was significantly influenced (P<0.01) by breeds and locations. While ADG-365 of PO cattle in low- and high altitudes were 0.31±0.1 kg and 0.32 ± 0.12, ADG 365 of Limpo cattle were 0.28 ± 0.1 and 0.56 ± 0.13 kg, respectively. Heat Tolerance Coefficient (HTC) in both breeds of cattle was influenced by environmental conditions (P<0.01). HTC of PO cattle in low region was higher (2.63 ± 0.14) than those in high one (2.25 ± 0.25), whereas in Limpo were 2.82 ± 0.13 and 2.16 ± 0.24, repectively. The second result of this research shows that location influences the age of first time mating (P<0.01). The average of first time mating for PO cattles at the lowland is 2.17 ± 0.81 years and at the highland is 1.74 ± 0.33 years; while for Limpo cattles, the first time mating for those at the lowland is 2.06 ± 0.73 years and at the highland is 1.67 ± 0.30 years. The age of first time mating at the lowland is longer than that at the highland, because those at the lowland experienced the dibble heat and low feed quality. Meanwhile, the location gives significant influence towards the service per conception (P<0.01), in which at the lowland, the S/C average of PO cattles is 1.64 ± 0.77 and the S/C for those at the highland is 1.94 ± 0.87; while for Limpo cattles, the S/C average for the lowland is 1.65 ± 0.68 and 2.00 ± 1.14 for the highland. In addition, the location is also giving significant influence to the days open (P<0,01). The average of days open for PO cattles at the lowland is 4.28 ± 0.87 months and at the higland is 4.89 ± 0.83 months; while, the average of days open for the Limpo cattles at the lowland is 5.50 ± 1.34 months. The length of this days open occurs because of poor feed that influences the cows fertility.Moreover, the race and location give significant influence towards calving interval, which the average of calving interval for PO cattles at the lowland is 14.11 ± 1.23 months and at the highland is 14.57 ± 1.15 months; while the average of calving interval for Limpo cattles at the lowland is 14.14 ± 1.72 months and at the highland is 14.34 ± 1.55 months. In the contrary, the influence of BCS towards the efficiency of reproduction for both PO and Limpo cattles in different altitudes is not found. Moreover, the third result of this research shows that the consumption of BK among adult cattles, heifers, and calves at the altitude of 5m above the sea level (Nguling) is lower than the BK consumption at the altitude of 700m above the sea level (Poncokusumo). This is because the feed that were given for the cattles at the lowland is rice straws. Furthermore, the fourth result of this research shows that the average benefit in maintaining cattles at the highland is higher than that at the lowland. The benefit obtains from beef cattle farming at Poncokusumo is IDR1.679,265,00 per year and at Nguling is IDR 404,612,00.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DES/636.2/NUG/p/061400325 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 636 Animal husbandry > 636.2 Cattle and related animals |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Ilmu Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan |
| Depositing User: | Endro Setyobudi |
| Date Deposited: | 01 Jul 2014 10:31 |
| Last Modified: | 16 Jun 2022 03:57 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/161067 |
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