Geme, MariaTheresia (2012) Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Masyarakat Hukum Adat (Woe) dalam Pengelolaan Cagar Alam Watu Ata Kabupaten Ngada Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Jasa kultural hutan membentuk identitas dan keragaman budaya, nilai-nilai religius dan spiritual, pengetahuan (tradisional dan formal), inspirasi, nilai estetika, hubungan sosial, nilai peninggalan pusaka, rekreasi. Di Indonesia, jasa kultural hutan ditemukan pada masyarakat hukum adat yang secara turun temurun mendiami kawasan hutan belantara. Pasal 18 B ayat (2) UUD 1945 menentukan: Negara mengakui dan menghormati kesatuan-kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat beserta hak-hak tradisionalnya sepanjang masih hidup dan sesuai dengan perkembangan masyarakat dan prinsip Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang diatur dalam undang-undang. Perlindungan hukum berkaitan dengan identitas hukum Indonesia yang bersifat melindungi dan mengayomi segenap bangsa Indonesia. Tindakan eksploitasi hutan,maupun perlindungan hutan pada tingkat tertentu berdampak pada pemusnahan kehidupan komunitas tersebut beserta kekayaan keragaman budaya, nilai religius dan spiritual, pengetahuan tradisional yang sebenarnya telah teruji dalam rentang waktu yang panjang mampu merawat keharmonisan relasi antara manusia dengan hutan dan sumber daya alam di sekitarnya. Penelitian ini mengkaji kehidupan masyarakat hukum adat di Kawasan Hutan Watu Ata Kabupaten Ngada-Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur, yang dalam bahasa setempat disebut Woe. Mereka telah hidup teratur secara bertahun-tahun, turun temurun namun model pengelolaan state based forest management telah memarginalkan mereka sebagai kelompok yang tidak teratur, stagnan pada fase tribalism, tak berbudaya dan perusak hutan dan lingkungan. Pada tahun 1932 pemerintahan kolonial Belanda menetapkan hutan Watu Ata sebagai hutan tutupan berdasarkan Zelfbstuurabesluit 1932 No.20 tanggal 29 Juni 1932. Larangan tersebut bertujuan untuk menjaga ketersediaan air bagi kehidupan orang-orang Belanda yang membangun pemukiman di Pasanggerahan Bajawa, sebagai cikal bakal berdirinya kota Bajawa ibu kota Kabupaten Ngada. Pada tahun 1983 pemerintah mengukuhkan fungsi kawasan tersebut menjadi hutan lindung berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor:89/Kpts-II/1983 tentang Penunjukan Areal Hutan di Wilayah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Nusa Tenggara Timur. Pada tahun 1992 Pemerintah meningkatkan fungsi hutan lindung menjadi fungsi Cagar Alam. Sebagai zona zero management area, cagar alam harus dibiarkan berubah secara alami. Hal itu berarti masyarakat hukum adat harus melepaskan semua haknya atas tanah, hutan dan sumber daya alam lainya yang terdapat dalam kawasan Cagar Alam. Penelitian ini mempertanyakan 3 hal yakni: Dinamika perlindungan hukum terhadap masyarakat hukum adat (Woe) dalam pengelolaan Kawasan hutan Watu Ata, Bagaimana keberadaan Woe sebagai masyarakat hukum adat dalam pengelolaan kawasan hutan Watu Ata; Bagaimana bentuk perlindungan hukum yang menjamin keberadaan hak-hak masyarakat hukum adat atas kawasan dan pelestarian fungsi hutan Watu ata. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum empiris juga berpijak dari beberapa teori yang relevan yakni teori negara hukum, teori keadilan, teori pluralism hukum dan teori efektifitas hukum ditemukan bahwa dinamika perlindungan hukum terhadap masyarakat hukum adat (Woe) pada pengelolaan hutan Watu Ata dari era ke era berbasis hukum negara, tidak memberdayakan daya pikat kekuatan pluralisme hukum dan tidak mengarah pada tujuan mensejahterakan masyarakat. Ditemukan bahwa masyarakat hukum adat (Woe) mempunyai sistem hukum yakni struktur masyarakat yang teratur, pola zonasi yang tetap dipatuhi berdasarkan nilai-nilai kosmis, religius dan harmoni, memiliki badan peradilan adat dan didukung budaya hukum masyarakat hukum adat yang masih patuh pada ketentuan hukum adat. Sebagai hukum yang bersifat dinamis hukum adat dapat berkomunikasi dalam lalu lintas hukum yang bergerak sehingga menghasilkan kesepakatan-kesepakatan baru untuk membentuk model pengelolaan yang lebih responsif. Disarankan kepada pemerintah pusat agar segera mengevaluasi status fungsi cagar alam Watu Ata untuk disesuaikan dengan budaya hukum masyarakat hukum adat (Woe); Bagi Pemerintah Daerah: Agar program pemberdayaan institusi kepemilikan dan pemanfaatan ruang kawasan menurut masyarakat hukum adat terus dilakukan demi terjaminnya hak-hak masyarakat hukum adat dan pelestarian hutan; Untuk mencapai keadilan dalam pengelolaan hutan Watu Ata maka dikembangkan model pengelolaan sumber daya hutan secara kolaborasi berbasis masyarakat hukum adat.
English Abstract
Cultural services form identity and cultural diversity, religious values and spiritual knowledge (traditional and formal), inspiration, aesthetic values, social relations, heritage values of the community, as well as recreation. In Indonesia, cultural services of forests are found among the indigenous people who have inhabited this region for many generations. Paragraph B of Article 18 (2) of the 1945 Constitution stipulates: The state recognizes and respects the public entities and their customary law along with their traditional rights when there are still alive and in accordance with the development of the community and the Principle of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia. Legal protection is basically related to the identity of Indonesian laws, in which it protecting and nurturing the entire nation of Indonesia. Measuring the exploitation and protection of forests in Indonesia, at a certain level we face with the reality in the field that the efforts to protect the forest resources by the government had brought serious impacts on the destruction of community life and its richness of cultural diversity, religious and spiritual values, and its traditional knowledge which has actually been tested, survived and carried a harmonious relationships within a long period of time between people and forests, as well as with other natural resources around them. This study examines the lives of the community of the indigenous people in the Forest Zone of Watu Ata, the district of Ngada, East Nusa Tenggara Province, in which the local language is called Woe . These communities have lived harmoniously with the forest for many years. However, the endorsement of the state based forest management has marginalized them as the broken group of society, they become stagnant on the phase of tribalism, uncultured and even more tragically as the destroyer of forests and environment. In 1932 the Dutch colonial administration endorsed the forest of Watu Ata as the covering forest by 1932 Zelfbstuurabesluit No.20 dated June 29, 1932. The ban aimed to maintain the availability of water for the Dutch people who built settlements in Bajawa, as a forerunner to the establishment of the capital city of Ngada district. Furthermore in 1983 the central government established that region as a protected forest area based on the Decree of the Minister of Forestry Number: 89/Kpts-II/1983 along with the appointment of Forest Areas in the Region of East Nusa Tenggara Province. Subsequently, in 1992 the Government increased the status of this region to become the nature reserve. As the zone of zero management area, nature reserves should be allowed to change naturally. It means that the indigenous people who lived in this region must gave up all their rights and values related to lands, forests and other natural resources contained within this Nature Reserve. This study questioning three things: First, how do the dynamics of legal protection for the rights of the indigenous people (Woe) to be actively involved in the management of the forest area of Watu Ata Natural Reserve can be accomplished; Second, how does the existence of Woe as the basic unit of indigenous people customary laws could coexist with the management laws of Watu Ata Nature Reserve; Third, what are the forms of legal protection that guaranting the existence of the rights of the indigenous community to sustain their customary law while conserving the functions of Watu Ata Nature Reserve. Using the methods of empirical legal research and supported by the relevant theories; ie the theory of law, the theory of justice, the theory of legal pluralism and the theory of legal effectiveness found that the dynamics of the legal protection of indigenous people (Woe) on forest management Watu Ata from era to era-based state law, did not empower the allure and the power of legal pluralism and did not lead to the public welfare purposes. The research also indicated that the indigenous people (Woe) had their own legal systems in which they had a structurally organized society, a certain zoning pattern for the usage of natural resources that inherently adhered to the values of cosmic, religion and the harmony of the environments. These indigenous communities also had a culturally supported judiciary system that bound to its customary laws. As a dynamic system, customary law could be used as a tool to build positive communications between the government and the local people in order to produce a new management model that is more responsive and more sustainable. The results of the research recommended that the central government should immediately re-evaluate the functional status of Watu Ata Nature Reserve in order to pave the way for the adjustment to the customary laws of the indigenous people. The results also recommended to the local government to empowering local institution of ownership and providing space utilization area for the sake of the rights of the indigenous people to preserve their customary laws and forest resources in sustainable ways. In conclusion, the equity for managing natural forest resources in Watu Ata Nature Reserve is the prerequisite for the forest sustainability. Thus, a community-based collaborative forest resource management which accommodating the customary laws of the indigenous communities is necessary.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DES/346.044/GEM/p/061201714 |
| Subjects: | 300 Social sciences > 346 Private law |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Hukum, Fakultas Hukum |
| Depositing User: | Endro Setyobudi |
| Date Deposited: | 07 Sep 2012 13:22 |
| Last Modified: | 07 Sep 2012 13:22 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/160911 |
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