Sasmito, Joko (2011) Pemberlakuan Asas Retroaktif pada Tindak Pidana Pelanggaran HAM Berat dalam Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc di Indonesia. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Penulisan disertasi yang berjudul `Pemberlakuan Asas Retroaktif Pada Tindak Pidana Pelanggaran HAM Berat Dalam Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc di Indonesia` ini, diawali dengan latar belakang pemikiran bahwa Negara Indonesia adalah negara hukum dan salah satu ciri/identitas dari negara hukum adalah adanya jaminan perlindungan HAM terhadap warga negaranya. Secara yuridis formal, HAM telah mendapat pengakuan, tetapi dalam tataran praktek HAM belum mendapat perlakuan sebagaimana mestinya. Banyak perkara pelanggaran HAM berat di masa lalu yang mengakibatkan banyak korban meninggal dunia, belum dapat diungkap melalui proses peradilan. Adapun yang menjadikan kendala adalah adanya asas legalitas sebagai asas fundamental dalam hukum pidana dan belum adanya hukum formil maupun materiil yang mengatur mengenai tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat serta adanya kesulitan untuk memberlakukan KUHP pada tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat. Berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 43 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM menyatakan bahwa `Pelanggaran HAM berat yang terjadi sebelum diundangkannya Undang-Undang ini, diperiksa dan diputus oleh Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc. Sedangkan dalam Pasal 43 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM menentukan bahwa Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc dibentuk atas usul DPR-RI berdasarkan peristiwa tertentu dengan Keputusan Presiden. Berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 43 ayat (1) tersebut berarti Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM menganut asas berlaku surut (retroaktif). Selanjutnya pembentukan Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc tersebut didasarkan atas usul dari DPR-RI. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut timbul permasalahan antara lain apakah prisip-prinsip dasar pemberlakuan asas retroaktif dalam penyelesaian tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat dan bagaimana mekanisme ketentuan pemberlakuan asas retroaktif serta bagaimanakah pemberlakuan asas retroaktif dilihat dari konteks penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat dalam negara hukum di Indonesia. Adapun tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam penelitian disertasi ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan menganalisa serta menemukan prinsip-prinsip dasar yang digunakan sebagai landasan kebenaran dalam pemberlakuan asas retroaktif dan untuk menemukan landasan hukum atau teori hukum yang digunakan sebagai dasar kebenaran mengenai mekanisme ketentuan pemberlakuan asas retroaktif serta untuk menganalisa pemberlakukan asas retroaktif dilihat dari konteks penegakan hukum dalam negara hukum di Indonesia. Dari penelitian disertasi ini dapat dihasilkan suatu temuan bahwa pemberlakuan hukum pidana secara retroaktif dalam Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM untuk menyelesaikan tindak pidana penggaran HAM berat di masa lalu, dilihat dari segi latar belakang pemikiran, tujuan serta prinsip-prinsip dasar secara yuridis formal telah mempunyai dasar hukum yang diatur dalam Pasal 43 Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000, Tentang Pengadilan HAM. Namun dalam pelaksanaanya ditinjau dari kajian akademik/teori hukum terjadi konflik norma yaitu bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan nasional, hukum internasional dan hukum Agama Islam serta Pernyataan Kairo mengenai HAM Islam. Penulisan disertasi dengan menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang, pendekatan kasus dan pendekatan komparatif serta pendekatan filsafati tersebut, maka akan dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut : (1) Pemberlakukan asas retroaktif pada tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat dalam Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc di Indonesia berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pengadilan HAM terjadi konflik norma, yaitu bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan nasional maupun hukum Internasional dan hukum agama Islam serta Pernyataan Kairo mengenai HAM Islam. (2) Mekanisme pembentukan Pengadilan HAM Ad Hoc untuk menentukan ada tidaknya pelanggaran HAM berat di masa lalu yang melibatkan anggota DPR RI, dipandang tidak lazim, tidak sesuai dengan teori hukum pidana, sistem peradilan pidana dan menyimpangi teori pemisahan kekuasaan ( trias politica ) serta tidak sesuai dengan kewenangan dalam kekuasaan kehakiman. (3) Pemberlakuan asas retroaktif dilihat dari konteks penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat dalam negara hukum di Indonesia mempunyai makna yang penting dan strategis. Namun pemberlakukan asas retroaktif dalam Undang-Undang Pengadilan HAM terjadi konflik norma yaitu bertentangan dengan Pasal 28 I ayat (1) UUD 1945. Hal tersebut tidak sesuai dengan Teori Hans Kelsen dan Hans Nawiasky serta TAP MPRS Nomor : XX/MPRS/1966 tentang Memorandum DPR-GR mengenai Sumber Tertib Hukum Republik Indonesia dan Tata Urutan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Republik Indonesia tanggal 5 Juli 1966 Jo TAP MPR-RI Nomor : III/MPR/2000 Tentang Sumber Hukum dan Tata Urutan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan tanggal 18 Agustus 2000, maupun Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2004 Tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Berdasarkan kesimpulan tersebut di atas, saran/rekomendasi yang dapat disampaikan adalah sebagai berikut : (1) Kepada lembaga pembentuk Undang-Undang (DPR- RI bersama Presiden) : (a) Melakukan perubahan terhadap Penjelasan Pasal 4 UU No. 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang HAM yang memberlakukan asas retroaktif. (b) Melakukan perubahan terhadap Pasal 43 ayat (1) dan Penjelasan Umum Undang-Undang Nomor : 26 Tahun 2000 Tentang Pengadilan HAM yang memberlakukan asas retroaktif. (c) Penyelesaian tindak pidana pelanggaran HAM berat
English Abstract
This dissertation entitled `The implementation of the principle of retroactivity in the Crime Serious Human Rights Violations In Ad Hoc Human Rights Court in Indonesia` is, begins with the background idea that Indonesia is a state law and one of the characteristics or identity of the state law is the guarantee of human rights protection against citizens. Formal judicial, human rights has gained recognition, but the level of human rights practices have not been treated properly. Many cases which were illustrate a heavy human rights violations in the past that resulted in many deaths, yet can be brought through the justice process. As for who makes the constraints is the principle of legality as a fundamental principle in criminal law and the absence of formal and material laws regulating the crime of gross human rights violations and the difficulty to enforce the Criminal Code on criminal acts of heavy human rights violations. Under the provisions of Article 43 paragraph (1) of the Constitution Court of Human Rights states that `Gross human rights violations that occurred before the enactment of this Act, be examined and decided by the Ad Hoc Human Rights Court. Meanwhile, in Article 43 paragraph (2) Human Rights Court Law determines that the Ad Hoc Human Rights Court was established at the suggestion of the Parliament based on a specific event by a Presidential Decree. Under the provisions of Article 43 paragraph (1) The Act means the Human Rights Court adheres to the principle of retroactivity (retroactive). Furthermore, the establishment of the Ad Hoc Human Rights Court is based upon the recommendation of Indonesia Representative Assembly. Based on this background, among others, raised the question whether the basic principles the implementation of the principle of retroactivity in the criminal settlement of heavy human rights violations and how the application of the principle of retroactivity provision mechanism and how the application of retroactive principle in the context of law enforcement against criminal acts of heavy human rights violations in state law of Indonesia. The aim to be achieved in this dissertation research is to assess and analyze and discover the basic principles that are used as a basis of truth in the application of the principle of retroactivity and to find a legal basis or legal theory that is used as a basis of truth regarding the application of the principle of retroactivity provision mechanism and to analyze the implementation of the principle of retroactivity in the context of enforcement of state law in Indonesia. Based on this research can be generated in a finding that the retroactive application of criminal law in the Human Rights Act to resolve criminal violation human rights violations in the past, in terms of background thoughts, objectives and basic principles of formal judicial already have basic law provided for in Article 43 of Law Number 26 Year 2000 on Human Rights Court. However, in the implementation review of academic studies / legal theory that is contrary to norms conflict with national legislation, international law and Islamic law as well as the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights based on Islam. The method of this dissertation is normative legal research, the approach based on cases and comparative approaches and philosophical approach, then it can be deduced as follows: (1) Enforcement of the principle of retroactivity in criminal violations of human rights violations in the Ad Hoc Human Rights Court in Indonesia on the basis of Law Number 26 Year 2000 on Human Rights Court of conflict norms, that is contrary to national legislation and international law and Is-lamic law as well as the Cairo Declaration on Islamic human rights. (2) The mechanism of formation of the Ad Hoc Human Rights Court to determine the presence or absence of gross human rights violations in the past that involved members of the House of Re-presentatives, it is considered unusual, not in accordance with the theory of criminal law, criminal justice system and deviate the theory of separation of powers (trias politica) and not in accordance with the authority the judicial authorities. (3) Implementation of the principle of retroactivity in the context of law enforcement against criminal violations of human rights violations in the state of law in Indonesia has an important and strategic significance. Although the imposition of retroactive principle in the Law Court of Human Rights norms conflict that is contrary to article 28 first paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution. This does not conform with Hans Kelsen and Hans Nawiasky theory and TAP MPRS No.: XX/ MPRS/ 1966 regarding DPR-GR Memorandum of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Source Code and Sequence of Laws of the Republic of Indonesia on July 5, 1966 Jo MPR-RI Number: III/ MPR/ 2000 concerning Resources Law and Orde r Laws dated August 18, 2000, and Act No. 10 of 2004 on the Establishment of Laws. Based on those conclusions, suggestions/recommendations can be submitted are as follows : (1) Forming institutions Act (House of Representatives with the President): (a) Making changes to the Elucidation of Article 4 of Law. 39 Year 1999 on Human Rights which enforces the principle of retroactivity. (b) Make changes to Article 43 paragraph (1) and the General Explanation of Act No. 26 Year 2000 on Human Rights Court which imposed the principle of retroactivity. (c) Settlement of criminal human rights violations in the past can be resolved channeled through non-penal point is through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Act No. 27 of 2004). (2) If the institutions forming the Act (House of Representatives with the President) still apply the principle of retroactivity in the crimi
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DES/345.023 22/SAS/p/041104223 |
| Subjects: | 300 Social sciences > 345 Criminal law |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Hukum, Fakultas Hukum |
| Depositing User: | Endro Setyobudi |
| Date Deposited: | 02 Nov 2011 14:01 |
| Last Modified: | 25 Apr 2020 16:31 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/160885 |
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