Alauddin, Rusdin (2012) Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Pelaku Usaha Pertambangan Emas dan Nikel di Provinsi Maluku Utara. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Tanggung jawab sosial dan tanggung jawab lingkungan bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan akhir-akhir ini marak diperbincangkan baik di kalangan akademisi, LSM, maupun bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan itu sendiri. Berbagai Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang mengatur tentang TJS dan TJL bagi pelaku usaha pertambangan, menunjukkan bahwa TJS bukan lagi bersifat sukarela tapi sudah bersifat wajib. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dilakukan suatu penelitian hukum dalam bentuk disertasi dengan judul `Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Pelaku Usaha Pertambangan Emas dan Nikel di Provinsi Maluku Utara` . Jenis penelitian yang dipilih adalah penelitian hukum empiris. Untuk kelompok masyarakat menggunakan metode simple random sample , sedangkan untuk pelaku usaha pertambangan, Wahana Ligkungan Hidup (WALHI) dan instansi terkait, digunakan metode purposive sampling . Tiap kabupaten dipilih 1 (satu) perseroan yaitu: (1) Haltim dipilih PT. Antam (2) Halut dipilih PT. NHM (3) Halteng dipilih PT. WBN. Secara teoritis penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangan pemikiran terhadap perkembangan Hukum Perusahaan/Hukum Bisnis, Hukum Lingkungan dan SDA, Hukum Pertambangan terutama berkaitan dengan konsep pelaku usaha dalam melaksanakan kegiatan usaha pertambangan, dengan model yang lebih mengutamakan partisipasi dan kerja kolaborasi masyarakat. Secara praktik penelitian ini dapat menjadi masukan bagi pihakpihak yang berkepentingan agar dapat merekomendasikan model TJS yang sesuai dengan krakterisitk masyarakat Provinsi Maluku Utara. Teori-teori hukum dan konsep yang dipakai sebagai pisau analisis terhadap ketiga permasalahan yaitu: teori negara hukum kesejahteraan dan teori bekerjanya hukum dipakai untuk menganalisis dan menjawab permasalahan tentang implementasi TJS dan TJL. Teori keadilan dipakai untuk menjawab dan menganalisis permasalahan tentang model TJS, sedangkan asas partisipasi publik dipakai untuk menjawab dan menganalisis permasalahan tentang mekanisme penyusunan TJS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme penyusunan program TJS (PT. Antam, PT. WBN, PT. NHM), berbeda-beda atau bervariasi, terutama dalam hal keterlibatan para pemangku kepentingan. PT. Antam sebelum menyusun program TJS, terlebih dahulu melakukan survey dengan menggunakan metode PRA ( Participatori Rural Appraisal ). Hasil PRA tersebut dituangkan ke dalam Master Pland CSR. PT. WBN, walaupun baru tahap eksplorasi namun sejak awal sampai sekarang secara kontinyu tiap 3 bulan melakukan public meeting dengan para pemangku kepentingan untuk meminta masukan. Berdasarkan public meeting , tersebut dilakukan pemetaan kebutuhan untuk merumuskan program-program TJS tahun berikutnya. PT. NHM diawal eksplorasi dalam menyusun program-program TJS-nya sudah melibatkan para pemangku kepentingan, namun keterlibatan para pemangku kepentingan (masyarakat lingkar tambang) hanya bertahan selama 1 (satu) tahun akibat dari konflik horisontal. Adapun landasan yuridis terkait dengan penyusunan program TJS yaitu Pasal 2 UU Minerba Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 bahwa dalam pengelolaan pertambangan mineral dan batubara harus mengacu pada asas partisipatif, transparansi dan akuntabilitas. Pasal 108 ayat (1) Pemegang IUP dan IUPK wajib `menyusun program pengembangan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat` dan ayat (2) Penyusunan program dan rencana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dikonsultasikan kepada Pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, dan masyarakat. Ketiga pelaku usaha pertambangan (PT. Antam, PT. WBN dan PT. NHM) sudah melaksanakan TJS namun dalam praktinya berbeda-beda, termasuk sumber dananya. PT. Antam sebagai milik negera, mengacu pada master plan CSR dengan tiga program pokok yaitu (1) program community development (2) program external relation dan (3) program Kemitraan (PK) dan Bina Lingkungan (BL). PT. Antam sudah melaksanakan PKBL sesuai dengan UU BUMN dan Permen BUMN Nomor PER-05/MBU/2007 tentang Program Kemitraan BUMN dengan Usaha Kecil dan Program Bina Lingkungan (PKBL), UU Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas, Pasal 74 ayat (1) dinyatakan `Perseroan yang menjalankan kegiatan usahanya di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam wajib melaksanakan Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan`, UU Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal Pasal 15 huruf b dinyatakan `Setiap penanam modal berkewajiban melaksanakan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan`, UU Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Mineral dan Batubara. Khususnya Pasal 95 huruf d dinyatakan `Pemegang IUP dan IUPK wajib melaksanakan pengembangan dan pemberdayaan masyarakat`. Terkait dengan TJL, PT. Antam telah melaksanakannya sesuai dengan Peraturan Perundang-undangan terkait. Sejak tahap perencanaan sampai pasca-tambang. PT. Antam dalam melaksanakan penambangan selalu singkron dengan proses pemantauan dan pengelolaan lingkungan. PT. WBN melaksanakan TJS melaui Yayasan Saloi` dengan departemen LDS berfokus pada 4 (empat) pilar yaitu (1) pengembangan Pengembangan kapasitas manusia dan lembaga (2) mendukung peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat melalui peningkatan standar pendidikan dan kesehatan, (3) mengelolah lingkungan dan mempromosikan budaya asli Maluku Utara; dan (4) mendukung tata kelola perusahaan yang baik bagi masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah. PT. WBN sangat patuh terhadap Peraturan Perundang-undangan terkait dengan TJS. Sedangkan TJL PT. WBN masih bersifat sanitasi dan higiene lingkungan masyarakat yaitu: pengukuran dan pengujian air hampir tiap hari dilakukan, program Baseline monitoring , rehabilitasi, mendaur ulang sampah. PT. NHM dalam mengimplementasikan program TJS dengan 3 (tiga) generasi. Generasi pertama dikelolah oleh lembaga bernama Komite Konsultatif Masyarakat/ Community Consultative Committee (CCC), kedua dikelolah oleh pemda Halut dengan istilah dana comdev , dan generasi k
English Abstract
The Social and Environmental Responsibility of The companies as the mining actors are widely recognized in the realm of academician, nongovernment organization and the entrepreneur of the mining enterprise itself. Some regulations have regulated TJS and TJL and emphasized that TJS is not anymore a voluntary business but a mandatory one. Therefore, a legal study in the format of dissertation is taken entitled with `The Social and Environmental Responsibility of The Entrepreneur of Gold and Nickel Mining Enterprises at North Maluku Province`. The type of this research is empirical law study. Two samples are involved. The community sample is taken by simple random sampling, while the determination of sample from mining entrepreneur, Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (WALHI), and related institution is by purposive sampling. Three districts are examined. Only one limited company is taken from each: (1) PT Antam from East Halmahera, (2) PT NHM from North Halmahera, and (3) PT WBN from Central Halmahera. Theoretically, this research is expected to contribute and develop of enterprise/business laws, environmental and natural resource laws, and mining law, especially in relative to the entrepreneurial concept of the implementation of mining enterprises. The implementation model emphasizes on participation and collaborative work of community. In practice, research may give input for the interested parties to provide recommendations of TJS model which is suitable to the characteristic of North Maluku Province community. The legal theories and concepts that are used as a media analysis of the three issue, namely: the law of the welfare state theory and the workings of the legal theory used to analyze and answer the problems of implementation TJS and TJL. Theory of justice is used to address and analyze issue of TJS models, while the principle of public participation used to address and analyze the issue pertaining to the preparation mechanism TJS. The result of this research indicates that TTJS mechanism program of PT Antam, PT WBN, and PT NHM are different or varied each other in term of the participation of the interested parties. Before the setting of TJS program, PT Antam organizes a survey using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method. Result of PRA will be written in the CSR Master Plan. Its mean that PT WBN is on going in the explorative stage. Since the beginning until now, the company has conduct a public meeting in the last 3 months with the interested parties to obtain necessary inputs. Based on this meeting, the mapping of the demand for the formulation of TJS programs for the next year is formulated. In the exploration stage, PT NHM has set TJS programs with the participation of the interested parties. However, the participation of the parties (the mining ring community) only lasts for a year due to the horizontal conflict. A juridical base in the setting of TJS program setting is Article 2 of Mineral and Coal Act No. 4 of 2009 stating that the management of mineral and coal mining must consider the principles of participation, transparency and accountability. Article 108 verse (1) determines that the holder of IUP and IUPK is given a mandate `to set the program of the development and empowerment of community`, while verse (2) underscores that the setting of the program and plan explained in the verse (1) must be consulted with the central government, local government and community. Three mining companies (PT Antam, PT WBN and PT NHM) have operated TJS but their practice and fund sources are different. PT Antam is the state-owned enterprise. The CSR Master Plan of this company involves three main programs: (1) community development program, (2) external relation program, and (3) Partnership Program (PK) and Environmental Planning (BL). PT Antam has implemented PBKL based on several legal aspects such as: BUMN Act and BUMN Minister Decree No. PER-05/MBU/2007 on the Partnership of BUMN with Small Enterprise and Environmental Planning Program (PKBL); Act No. 40 of 2006 on Limited Company; Article 74 paragraph (1) on `the limited company which is operating its business activity in the field related to the natural resource is mandatory to implement Social and Environmental Responsibility`; Act No.25 of 2007 on Capital Investment at Article 15 letter b stating that `Every capital investor must have Company Social Responsibility`; and Act No.4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal at Article 95 letter d stating that `The holder of IUP and UPK must implement the development and empowerment of community`. Related to TJL, PT Antam has implemented the statutes. From the planning to post-mining stages, PT Antam is implementing the mining activity which is synchronous with the supervision and management of environment. PT WBN conducts TJS through Saloi Foundation. Its LDS Department is focused on 4 (four) pillars including (1) the development of capacity building of human and organization, (2) the improvement of community welfare through the increase of education and health standards, (3) the management of environment and the promotion of genuine culture of North Maluku, and (4) the good order of conduct of the company either for the community or local government. PT WBN must obey the statutes of TJS. In relative to TJL, PT WBN is still performing sanitation and hygiene for community environment. The measurement and examination of water is almost carried out daily in the integrated program of baseline monitoring, rehabilitation and waste recycling. PT NHM implements TJS program in three generations. The first generation is managed by the agency named after Community Consultative Committee (CCC). The second generation is managed by the local government of North Halmahera through the term of comdev fund. Third generation involves the management of PT NHM and the participation of local chiefs through the term of CSR fund. PT NHM has not yet implemented TJL in favorable fashion as required by some statutes such as Capital Investment Act, Limited Company Act, Mineral and Coal Act, and Government Regulation No. 23 of 2010 on the implementation of Mineral and Coal Mining Activity. PT NHM has not implemented TJL in appropriate manner because there is still ne
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DES/343.077/ALA/t/061204254 |
| Subjects: | 300 Social sciences > 343 Military, defense, public property, public finance, tax, commerce (trade), industrial law |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Hukum, Fakultas Hukum |
| Depositing User: | Endro Setyobudi |
| Date Deposited: | 01 Aug 2013 11:35 |
| Last Modified: | 01 Aug 2013 11:35 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/160866 |
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