Lengkong, Hanry Jefry (2017) Diversitas Dan Strategi Konservasi Kelelawar Di Beberapa Zona Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara Sulawesi Utara. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Pulau Sulawesi memiliki tingkat endemis fauna dan mendukung kehidupan kelelawar yang paling utama di Indonesia. Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara adalah salah satu bawaan konservasi dari Pulau Sulawesi. Hal ini memberi arti bahwa Sulawesi Utara memiliki potensi yang sangat besar dalam keanekaragaman hayati dibandingkan dengan daerah-daerah lain yang ada di Indonesia. Di antara dua puluh satu spesies kelelawar yang tercatat di Sulawesi, delapan spesies diantaranya (38 %) adalah spesies endemik, dan dari delapan spesies tersebut terdapat dua (kadangkala dihitung tiga) di antara spesies-spesies tersebut diklasifikasikan endemik sampai tingkat genera. Keberadaan kelelawar ini sangat penting bagi kehidupan masyarakat, karena berperanan sebagai pemencar biji buah-buahan, penyerbuk bunga tumbuhan bernilai ekonomi, pengendali hama serangga, penghasil pupuk guano dan tambang fosfat di gua-gua, dan obyek wisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh musim, diversitas genetis, ekologis, sebaran spasial berdasarkan karakter spesies kelelawar, problem konservasi dan merekomendasikan spesies kelelawar yang ada di Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara dalam usaha strategi konservasi. Penelitian dilakukan melalui metode Mistnet pada tujuh vegetasi yang ada di Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara, yaitu: hutan lumut, hutan submontana, hutan dataran rendah, hutan casuarina, hutan pantai, semak dan alang-alang. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan November 2013 sampai Agustus 2014. Sampling kelelawar dilakukan dengan menggunakan jaring kabut berukuran 12 x 3,6 m yang dipasang pada ketinggian 1 m dan 3 m di atas tanah. Kelelawar yang tertangkap diidentifikasi dalam Laboratorium Ekologi dan Konservasi Universitas Brawijaya dan Pusat Penelitian Biologi – LIPI Bogor. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa telah menemukan 16 spesies dengan 1178 individu kelelawar yang tertangkap di kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara Sulawesi Utara. Kelelawar yang tertangkap terbagi atas dua subordo, tiga famili, 10 genus dan 16 spesies. Komposisi kelelawar yang tertangkap meliputi Acerodon celebensis (6 individu), Boneia bidens (2 individu), Cynopterus brachyotis (84 individu), Cynopterus luzoniensis (112 individu), Cynopterus minutus (141 individu), Dobsonia viridis (9 individu), Macroglossus minimus (44 individu), Macroglossus tailiniensis n. sp. (9 individu), Megaderma spasma (4 individu), Nyctimene cephalotes (10 individu), Rhinolopus celebensis (2 individu), Rousettus amplexicaudatus (279 individu), Rousettus celebensis (266 individu), Rousettus tangkokoensis n. sp. (9 individu), Thoopterus nigrescens (142 individu) dan Thoopterus tailiniensis n. sp. (59 individu). Spesies yang baru ditemukan, yaitu M. tailiniensis n. sp., R. ii tangkokoensis n.sp. dan T. tailiniensis n. sp. memiliki ciri khas yang berbeda dengan spesies kelelawar lainnya atau antar genusnya berdasarkan penampilan tubuh, ukuran tengkorak dan tubuh eksternalnya. Hasil penelitian variasi musim struktur populasi dan komunitas kelelawar menunjukkan bahwa jumlah spesies yang tertangkap pada musim hujan dan kemarau adalah sama, yaitu sebanyak 15 spesies, dengan jumlah individu lebih banyak pada musim hujan (703 individu) dan jumlah individu terendah pada musim kemarau (475 individu); jumlah spesies tertinggi di zona hutan submontana, dan jumlah spesies terendah di zona alang-alang dari berbagai zona. Jumlah individu tertinggi di zona hutan lumut, dan jumlah individu terendah di zona hutan casuarina dari berbagai zona; jumlah spesies tertinggi di zona hutan dataran rendah, dan jumlah spesies terendah di zona hutan casuarina dan alangalang pada musim hujan. Jumlah spesies tertinggi di zona hutan submontana, dan jumlah spesies terendah di zona alang-alang pada musim kemarau. Spesies dengan jumlah individu tertinggi di zona hutan lumut pada musim hujan, yaitu R. celebensis, dan spesies dengan jumlah individu tetinggi di zona hutan submontana pada musim kemarau, yaitu R. amplexicaudatus. Laju tangkapan menunjukkan kelimpahan yang rendah di kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara; kelimpahan rendah pada musim hujan dan kemarau, kelimpahan rendah di berbagai zona, dan kelimpahan rendah di berbagai zona pada musim hujan dan kemarau; laju tangkapan tertinggi di musim hujan dan laju tangkapan terendah di musim kemarau, laju tangkapan tertinggi di zona hutan lumut dan laju tangkapan terendah di zona hutan casuarina, laju tangkapan tertinggi di zona hutan lumut dan laju tangkapan terendah di zona hutan casuarina pada musim hujan, dan laju tangkapan tertinggi di zona hutan submontana dan laju tangkapan terendah di zona hutan casuarina pada musim kemarau. Indeks dominansi menunjukkan dominansi rendah di kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara; dominansi rendah pada musim hujan dan kemarau, dominansi rendah di zona hutan lumut, submontana, dataran rendah, casuarina, pantai, semak dan alang-alang, dan dominansi rendah di berbagai zona pada musim hujan, kecuali zona hutan submontana yang dominansi tinggi dan dominansi rendah di berbagai zona pada musim kemarau, kecuali zona alang-alang yang dominansi tinggi; dominansi tertinggi di musim kemarau dan dominansi terendah di musim hujan, dominansi tertinggi di zona alang-alang dan dominansi terendah di zona dataran rendah, dominansi tertinggi di zona hutan submontana dan dominansi terendah di zona hutan dataran rendah pada musim hujan, dan dominansi tertinggi di zona alangalang dan dominansi terendah di zona dataran rendah pada musim kemarau. Indeks kemerataan menunjukkan kemerataan tinggi di kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara; kemerataan tinggi pada musim hujan dan kemarau, kemerataan tinggi di berbagai zona (dataran rendah, casuarina dan pantai) dan kemerataan rendah di berbagai zona (lumut, submontana, semak dan alang-alang), kemerataan tinggi di berbagai zona pada musim hujan, kecuali zona hutan submontana yang kemerataan rendah, dan kemerataan tinggi di berbagai zona pada musim kemarau; kemerataan tertinggi di musim kemarau dan kemerataan terendah di musim hujan, kemerataan tertinggi di zona hutan dataran rendah dan kemerataan terendah di zona alang-alang, kemerataan tertinggi di zona hutan iii dataran rendah dan terendah di zona hutan submontana pada musim hujan, dan kemerataan tertinggi di zona hutan casuarina dan kemerataan terendah di zona alang-alang pada musim kemarau. Indeks kesamaan menunjukkan kesamaan kualitatif dan kuantitatif tinggi antar musim hujan dan kemarau; kesamaan kualitatif tinggi antar berbagai zona (lumut dan submontana, lumut dan dataran rendah, lumut dan casuarina, lumut dan pantai, submontana dan dataran rendah, submontana dan casuarina, submontana dan pantai, submontana dan semak, submontana dan alang-alang, dataran rendah dan hutan casuarina, dataran rendah dan pantai, dataran rendah dan semak, dataran rendah dan alang-alang, casuarina dan pantai, casuarina dan semak, casuarina dan alang-alang, pantai dan semak, pantai dan alang-alang, semak dan alang-alang) dan kesamaan kualitatif rendah antar berbagai zona (lumut dan semak, lumut dan alang-alang), kesamaan kuantitatif tinggi antar berbagai zona (lumut dan submontana, submontana dan dataran rendah, submontana dan pantai, dataran rendah dan pantai, pantai dan semak, pantai dan alang-alang, semak dan alang-alang) dan kesamaan kuantitatif rendah antar berbagai zona (lumut dan dataran rendah, lumut dan casuarina, lumut dan pantai, lumut dan semak, lumut dan alang-alang, submontana dan casuarina, submontana dan semak, submontana dan alang-alang, dataran rendah dan casuarina, dataran rendah dan alang-alang, casuarina dan pantai, casuarina dan semak, casuarina dan alang-alang); kesamaan kualitatif tertinggi di antar zona casuarina dan pantai, dan kesamaan kuantitatif tertinggi di antar zona hutan lumut dan submontana. Hasil penelitian diversitas kelelawar menunjukkan bahwa indeks kekayaan spesies sedang, kekayaan genus rendah, kekayaan famili rendah dan kekayaan subordo rendah di Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara; kekayaan spesies sedang. Kekayaan genus, famili dan subordo rendah pada musim hujan dan kemarau; kekayaan spesies sedang dari berbagai zona (submontana, dataran rendah dan casuarina) dan kekayaan spesies rendah dari berbagai zona (lumut, pantai, semak dan alang-alang), kekayaan genus, famili dan subordo rendah dari berbagai zona; kekayaan spesies sedang dari berbagai zona (dataran rendah) dan kekayaan spesies rendah dari berbagai zona (lumut, submontana, casuarina, pantai, semak dan alang-alang), kekayaan genus, famili dan subordo rendah dari berbagai zona (lumut, submontana, dataran rendah, casuarina, pantai, semak dan alang-alang) pada musim hujan; kekayaan spesies sedang dari berbagai zona (submontana, dataran rendah dan casuarina) dan kekayaan spesies rendah dari berbagai zona (lumut, pantai, semak dan alang-alang), kekayaan genus, famili dan subordo rendah dari berbagai zona (lumut, submontana, dataran rendah, casuarina, pantai, semak dan alang-alang) pada musim kemarau. Derajat endemisme tinggi di kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara; derajat endemisme tinggi pada musim hujan dan kemarau, derajat endemisme tinggi di berbagai zona (lumut, submontana, dataran rendah, casuarina, pantai dan semak), kecuali zona (alangalang) sedang, dan derajat endemisme tinggi di berbagai zona (lumut, submontana, dataran rendah, casuarina, pantai dan semak) pada musim hujan, kecuali zona (alang-alang) rendah; derajat endemisme tertinggi di musim kemarau dan derajat endemisme terendah di musim hujan, derajat endemisme tertinggi di zona hutan submontana dan derajat endemisme terendah di zona hutan alangiv alang, derajat endemisme tertinggi di zona hutan submontana pada musim hujan dan kemarau, dan derajat endemisme terendah di zona alang-alang pada musim hujan dan kemarau. Indeks keanekaragaman menunjukkan keanekaragaman sedang di kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara; keanekaragaman sedang di zona hutan lumut, submontana, dataran rendah, casuarina, pantai, semak dan alang-alang, dan keanekaragaman sedang di berbagai zona pada musim hujan dan kemarau; keanekaragaman tertinggi di musim kemarau dan keanekaragaman terendah di musim hujan, keanekaragaman tertinggi di zona hutan dataran rendah dan keanekaragaman terendah di zona hutan submontana, keanekaragaman tertinggi di zona hutan dataran rendah dan keanekaragaman terendah di zona alang-alang pada musim hujan, dan keanekaragaman tertinggi di zona hutan dataran rendah dan keanekaragaman terendah di zona alang-alang pada musim kemarau. Indeks pola penyebaran menunjukkan pola penyebaran mengelompok di kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara; pola penyebaran mengelompok pada musim hujan dan pola penyebaran seragam pada musim kemarau, pola penyebaran mengelompok di zona hutan lumut, submontana, dataran rendah, casuarina, pantai, semak dan alang-alang, dan pola penyebaran mengelompok di berbagai zona, kecuali zona hutan pantai yang pola penyebaran seragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua pengelompokkan dalam variabel komunitas kelelawar, yaitu: pada fungsi 1 terdapat zona alang-alang, semak dan casuarina, dan pada fungsi 2 terdapat zona pantai, dataran rendah, submontana dan lumut. Tingkat nilai kesamaan di setiap zona lokasi di Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara menunjukkan zona lumut dan submontana memiliki hubungan yang erat. Variabel yang berkorelasi tinggi dengan fungsi diskriminan kanonik menunjukkan variabel tersebut erat kaitannya dengan perbedaan kelelawar antar zona, dan merupakan pembeda dalam pengelompokkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model PLS yang digunakan cocok dan layak berdasarkan kriteria RMSEA; Struktur kanonikal tertinggi adalah fungsi kanonik 1 (derajat endemisme, dominansi, kekayaan genus, jumlah spesies, kenekaragaman, kemerataan, laju tangkapan, pola penyebaran dan kekayaan spesies) dan fungsi kanonik 2 (kekayaan family, jumlah individu dan kekayaan subordo); pengujian hipotesis yang signifikan (geografi dan komunitas kelelawar, geografi dan zona vegetasi, zona vegetasi dan komunitas kelelawar, musim dan komunitas kelelawar, iklim dan komunitas kelelawar) berarti hubungan keduanya searah, sedangkan yang tidak signifikan (musim dan zona vegetasi, iklim dan vegetasi, perburuan dan komunitas kelelawar) berarti hubungan tidak searah. Analisis klaster menunjukkan penyebaran kelelawar dari berbagai zona di Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara memiliki kesamaan antara komunitas kelelawar di zona hutan lumut dengan submontana, zona hutan dataran rendah dengan pantai, zona semak dengan alang-alang, zona hutan casuarina dengan alang-alang, dan terdapat perbedaan antara komunitas kelelawar di zona hutan dataran rendah dengan casuarina, zona alang-alang dengan dataran rendah, zona alang-alang dengan lumut, zona alang-alang dengan submontana, zona semak dengan casuarina, zona hutan pantai dengan casuarina. Hasil penelitian SWOT Analysis, Gap Analysis dan Root Cause Analysis menunjukkan bahwa strategi konservasi di Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara v memiliki kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman masing-masing, sehingga dapat menjadi salah satu prioritas utama dan rekomendasi dalam pengembangan obyek wisata dan pengambilan kebijakan untuk perlindungan dan pelestarian kelelawar. Strategi utama yang sangat perlu dikembangkan adalah mempertahankan status kawasan Cagar Alam yang baru sehingga dapat dilakukan pengembangan baik institusi maupun pemanfaatannya yang berperan besar untuk pendidikan, penelitian dan ekowisata dalam mendukung program pemerintah, dan mempertahankan kelestarian Cagar Alam Gunung Duasudara dengan konsep adanya kelompok-kelompok pemandu wisata. Strategi ini dilakukan dengan mengakomodasi peluang adanya kebijakan daerah yang mendukung perlindungan dan kelestararian Cagar Alam serta adanya stakeholder yang terlibat dan peduli terhadap perlindungan dan kelestarian Cagar Alam. Peluang tersebut dapat dikembangkan mengingat adanya potensi ekowisata yang perlu dikelolah dan dikembangkan lebih baik lagi.
English Abstract
Sulawesi Island has high levels of endemic fauna and supports most bat living in Indonesia. Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary is one of the innate conservation of the island of Sulawesi. This implicates that the North Sulawesi has a huge potential in biodiversity compared to other regions in Indonesia. Among the twenty-one species of bats recorded in Sulawesi, eight species of which (38%) are endemic species. Among these eight endemic species, two (sometimes counted as three) are classified as endemic to the level of genera. The existence of these bats are very important to people's lives, because it served in scaterring of fruit seeds, pollinating flowers of economically valuable plants, controlling pest insect, producing guano fertilizer and phosphate mine in caves, and attracting tourism. This study aimed to identify the influence of season, genetic diversity, ecological, spatial distribution based on the characteristics of the bat species, the conservation problem and to provide recommendation on the conservation strategies for bat species living in the Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary. This study was conducted using Mistnet method set at seven different types of vegetations existing in Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary, such as, moss forest, submontana forest, lowland forest, casuarina forest, coastal forest, shrub, and grasses. This study was conducted from November 2013 to August 2014. Collection of bat individuals was carried out by using a mist net, 12 m x 3.6 m in dimension, set at 1 m and 3 m heights above the ground. Bat samples were identified in Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation University of Brawijaya, and Research Center for Biology – LIPI Bogor. This study captured 1178 bat individuals in the study area. The captured bats are from 2 different suborder, 3 families, 10 genera and 16 species. The species composition of the captured bats were Acerodon celebensis (6 individuals), Boneia bidens (2 individuals), Cynopterus brachyotis (84 individuals), Cynopterus luzoniensis (112 individuals), Cynopterus minutus (141 individuals), Dobsonia viridis (9 individuals), Macroglossus minimus ( 44 individuals), Macroglossus tailiniensis n. sp. (9 individuals), Megaderma spasma (4 individuals), Nyctimene cephalotes (10 individuals), Rhinolopus celebensis (2 individuals), Rousettus amplexicaudatus (279 individuals), Rousettus celebensis (266 individuals), Rousettus tangkokoensis n. sp. (9 individuals), Thoopterus nigrescens (142 individuals) and Thoopterus tailiniensis n. sp. (59 individuals). Three newly discovered species, namelyM. tailiniensis n. sp., R. tangkokoensis n. sp. and T. tailiniensis n. sp. have different vii characteristics in their body appearance, skull size and external body compared with other bat species or within their genus. The results of the research on seasonal variations of the bat population and community structure showed that the number of species caught during the rainy and dry seasons is the same, which is as many as 15 species. Higher number of individuals was caught in the rainy season (703 individuals) than in the dry season (475 individuals). The highest number of species was found in the submontana forest zone, and the lowest number of species in the grasses section of the various zones. The highest number of individuals was found in the moss forest zone, and the lowest number of individuals in the casuarina forest zone. During the rainy season, the highest number of species was found in lowland forest zones and the lowest number of species in the casuarina and grasses forest zones. During the dry season, the highest number of species was found in the submontana forest zone, and the lowest number of species in the grasses zone. Species with the highest number of individuals was found in the moss forest zone during the rainy season, namely R. celebensis, and species with the highest number of individuals caught in the submontana forest zone during the dry season was R. amplexicaudatus. The catch rate shows low abundance in the area of Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary, low abundance during the rainy and dry seasons, low abundance in all zones, and low abundance in all zones during the rainy and dry seasons. The highest catch rates were recorded in the rainy season and the lowest catch rates in the dry season. During the rainy season, highest catch rates were found in the moss forest zone, lowest catch rates in the casuarina forest zone, highest catch rates in the moss forest zone and lowest catch rates in the casuarina forest zone. During the dry season, highest catch rates were recorded in the submontana forest zone and lowest catch rates in the casuarina forest zone. The dominance index shows low dominance in the area of Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary; low dominance in rainy and dry seasons. Low dominance was found in moss, submontana, lowland, casuarina, coastal, shrub and grasses zones, and low dominance in all zones during the rainy season, except for high dominance in submontana forest zone. Low dominance was found in all zones in the dry season, except for high dominance in the grasses zones. The highest dominance was found in the dry season and the lowest dominance in the rainy season. In the rainy season, the highest dominance was found in the grasses zone, lowest dominance in the lowland zone, highest dominance in the submontana forest zone and lowest dominance in lowland rainforest zones. The highest dominance was found in grasses zones and lowest dominance in the lowland zone in the dry season. The evenness index showed high evenness in the area of Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary. High evenness was observed in both the rainy and dry seasons. High evenness was observed in lowland, casuarina and coast zones and low evenness in the rest of the zones (moss, submontana, shrubs and grasses). High evenness in various zones in rainy season, except zone Low-density submontana forest, and high evenness in various zones in the dry season; The highest dryness in the dry season and the lowest in the rainy season, the highest in the lowland forest zone and the lowest in the grasses zone, the highest in the lowland and lowland forest zones in the rainforest submontana zone, and the highest in the zone casuarina viii forest and the lowest in the grasses zone in the dry season. The commonality index shows a high qualitative and quantitative similarity between rainy and dry seasons; Highly qualitative similarities between the various zones (mosses and submontana, mosses and lowlands, mosses and casuarina, mosses and coastal, submontana and lowland, submontana and casuarina, submontana and coastal, submontana and shrubs, submontana and grasses, forest casuarina, lowland and coastal, lowland and shrubs, lowland and grasses, casuarina and coastal, casuarina and shrubs, casuarina and grasses, coastal and shrubs, coastal and grasses, bushes and grasses) and low qualitative similarities between the various zones (moss and bush, moss and grasses), high quantitative similarities between various zones (moss and submontana, submontana and lowland, submontana and coastal, lowland and coastal, coastal and shrubs, grasses, shrubs and grasses) and low quantitative similarities between various zones (mosses and lowlands, mosses and casuarina, mosses and coastal, mosses and shrubs, moss and grasses, submontana and casuarina, submontana and shrubs, submontana and grasses, lowland and casuarina, lowland and grasses, casuarina and coastal, casuarina and shrubs, casuarina and grasses); The highest qualitative similarity between the casuarina zones and the coastal, and the highest quantitative similarities between the moss and submontana forest zones. This bat diversity study showed that the index of medium species richness, low genus wealth, low family wealth and low suborder wealth in MountainDuasudara Sanctuary; Species richness. The riches of the genus, family and suborder are low in the rainy and dry seasons; Moderate species richness from various zones (submontana, lowland and casuarina) and low species richness from various zones (mosses, coastal, shrubs and grasses), genera, family and suborder low wealth from various zones; Moderate species richness of various zones (lowlands) and low species richness from various zones (mosses, submontana, casuarina, coastal, shrubs and grasses), genera, family and suborder low resources of various zones (mosses, submontana, lowlands, casuarina, coastal, shrubs and grasses) in the rainy season; Moderate species richness from various zones (submontana, lowland and casuarina) and low species richness from various zones (mosses, coastal, shrubs and grasses), low genera, family and suborder riches from various zones (mosses, submontana, lowlands, casuarina, coastal, shrubs and grasses) in the dry season. The degree of high endemism in the area of Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary; High degree of endemism in the rainy and dry seasons, high degree of endemism in various zones (mosses, submontana, lowlands, casuarina, coastal and shrubs), except the moderate (grasses) zones and high degree of endemism in various zones (mosses, submontana, lowland, casuarina, coastal and shrubs) in the rainy season, except the low grasses zone; The highest degree of endemism in the dry season and the lowest degree of endemism in the rainy season, the highest degree of endemism in the submontana forest zone and the lowest degree of endemism in grasses forest zone, the highest degree of endemism in the submontana forest zone during the rainy and dry seasons, and the lowest degree of endemism in grasses zone during rainy and dry seasons. Diversity index showed moderate diversity in the nature reserve area of Mountain Duasudara; diversity was in the forest zone of moss, submontana, lowland, casuarina, coastal, ix shrubs and grasses, and diversity were in various zones in the rainy and dry seasons; the highest diversity in the dry season and the diversity of the lowest in the rainy season, the highest diversity in the zone of lowland forest and diversity of the lowest in the forest zone submontana, the highest diversity in the zone of lowland forest and diversity of the lowest in the zone of the weeds in the rainy season, and the highest diversity in lowland forest zone and the lowest diversity in the zone of the weeds in the dry season. Distribution pattern index shows the pattern of spreading in clusters in the area of Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary; The dispersion patterns are clustered during the wet season and the uniform dispersion pattern during the dry season, the dispersal pattern is clustered in the moss, submontana, lowland, casuarina, coastal, shrub and grasses zone, and dispersal patterns cluster in different zones, except for coastal forest zones uniform distribution pattern. The results show that the PLS model used is suitable and met the RMSEA criteria; The highest canonical structure is the canonical function 1 (degree of endemism, dominance, genus richness, number of species, diversity, evenness, catch rate, distribution pattern and species richness) and canonical functions 2 (family richness, number of individuals and suborder richness). Significant hypothesis tests (geography and bats community, geography and vegetation zones, vegetation zones and bat communities, season and bat communities, climates and bats communities) showed unidirectional relationships, while nonsignificant hypothesis tests (season and vegetation zones, climate and vegetation, hunting and bat community) mean non-unidirectional relationship. Cluster analysis on the distribution of bats from various zones in Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary showed similarities between bat communities in the moss forest zone with submontana, lowland forest zone with coastal forest, shrub zone with grasses, casuarina forest with grasses. The same analysis showed the differences between bat communities in lowland with casuarina, lowland with grasses, grasses with moss, grasses with submontana, shrub with casuarina, and coastal forest with casuarina. The results of SWOT Analysis, Gap Analysis and Root Cause Analysis show that the conservation strategy in Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary has its own strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Therefore, bat conservation could be a high priority recommendation for policy making in developing the site as tourism object. The main strategy that needs to be established is to maintain the new status of the natural reserve area so that it can be developed both as an institution and its uses because it has played important role in education, research and ecotourism in supporting government programs, and maintain the sustainability of Mountain Duasudara Sanctuary with the concept of tour-guide groups. This strategy could capitalize on the opportunities presented by local government policies which in favor of the protection and preservation of the natural reserve as well as the presence of stakeholders whom involved and concerned about the protection and sustainability of the sanctuary. Such opportunities could be explored further considering the ecotourism potential if it has been managed and developed better.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DIS/639.979 4/LEN/d/2017/061707194 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | BATS, BATS - CONSERVATION, BATS - ECOLOGY, BATS - HABITAT, INDONESIA - SULAWESI - UTARA |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 639 Hunting, fishing & conservation > 639.9 Conservation of biological resources > 639.97 Specific kinds of animals > 639.979 4 Bats |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Biologi, Fakultas MIPA |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 24 Aug 2017 01:24 |
| Last Modified: | 13 Dec 2020 06:18 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/1579 |
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