Chairiyah, Nurul (2014) Dinamika Kandungan Glukomannan dan Kalsium Oksalat (CaOx) serta Kerapatan Kristal Kalsium Oksalat (CaOx) pada Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Periode Tumbuh Ketiga. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Waktu panen umbi porang diduga berpengaruh terhadap tinggi rendahnya kandungan glukomannan, kalsium oksalat (CaOx) dan kristal kalsium oksalat (CaOx). Tanaman porang umumnya dipanen pada periode tumbuh ketiga saat tanaman rebah karena diduga pada saat itu glukomannan pada umbi mencapai kandungan tertinggi dibandingkan dengan kandungan glukomannan pada umbi porang sebelum tanaman rebah. Namun tingginya permintaan konsumen terhadap umbi porang menyebabkan pemanenan umbi porang seringkali dilakukan lebih awal yaitu sebelum tanaman porang rebah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) pengaruh waktu panen umbi porang periode tumbuh ketiga terhadap kandungan glukomannan dan kalsium oksalat serta kerapatan kristal CaOx, kerapatan masing-masing bentuk kristal CaOx dan variasi ukuran kristal CaOx, 2) hubungan antara kandungan glukomannan atau CaOx atau kerapatan kristal CaOx terhadap berat umbi porang, 3) hubungan antara kandungan CaOx terhadap kerapatan kristal CaOx, 4) Variasi jenis kristal CaOx di ketiga waktu panen dan 5) hubungan antara kandungan glukomannan terhadap kandungan CaOx atau kerapatan kristal CaOx. Umbi porang pada periode tumbuh kedua, yang berasal dari Kecamatan Saradan, Kabupaten Madiun ditumbuhkan di kebun Biologi hingga akhir fase vegetatif yaitu saat tanaman rebah. Umbi dipanen pada tiga waktu berbeda yaitu 2 minggu sebelum tanaman rebah (R0-1), saat tanaman rebah (R0) dan dua minggu setelah tanaman rebah (R0+1). Pada masing-masing waktu tersebut diukur kandungan glukomannan, kandungan CaOx dan kristal CaOx sebanyak tiga ulangan yang diperoleh dari tiga umbi. Ekstraksi glukomannan diawali dengan menimbang umbi segar seberat 30 g, kemudian umbi diparut, digerus dan ditambah 200 ml larutan aluminium sulfat 30 ppm. Selanjutnya larutan diinkubasi pada suhu 55 °C selama 15 menit, diencerkan dengan penambahan 600 ml akuades, disaring dan filtratnya disentrifugasi pada 1500 rpm, suhu 25 °C selama 30 menit. Supernatan yang dihasilkan dipresipitasi dengan menggunakan isopropyl alcohol 95 % (1:1). Gumpalan glukomannan yang terbentuk disaring, dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu 45 °C selama semalam kemudian ditimbang untuk menentukan kandungan glukomannan per berat kering umbi. Pengukuran kandungan CaOx per berat kering umbi porang dilakukan dengan tiga tahap, yaitu proses digest , presipitasi CaOx, dan titrasi permanganat. Kristal CaOx dari irisan umbi tanaman porang yang diperoleh pada waktu panen yang berbeda diamati secara mikroskopis. Irisan umbi dijernihkan dengan metode clearing yang telah dimodifikasi. Parameter yang diamati meliputi bentuk, variasi bentuk, dan kerapatan kristal CaOx. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan ANOVA untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu panen umbi terhadap kandungan glukomannan dan kandungan CaOx serta kerapatan kristal CaOx. Jika terdapat pengaruh yang nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan Uji Tukey α 0,05. Uji Korelasi Bivariate dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kandungan glukomannan atau CaOx atau kerapatan kristal CaOx terhadap berat umbi porang, hubungan antara kandungan CaOx terhadap kerapatan kristal CaOx dan hubungan antara kandungan glukomannan terhadap kandungan CaOx atau kerapatan kristal CaOx. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan glukomannan, kandungan CaOx, kerapatan total kristal CaOx cenderung lebih tinggi pada umbi porang yang dipanen saat tanaman rebah, masing-masing sebesar 29,10 ± 4,57 g/100 g, 15,98 ± 0,60 g/100 g dan 40.020 ± 16.554 kristal/cm 2 . Hal tersebut dikarenakan pada saat tanaman rebah akumulasi kandungan glukomannan, CaOx dan kristal CaOx sudah mencapai optimal dan tidak digunakan lagi untuk proses pertumbuhan. Berdasarkan nilai determinasi hasil uji korelasi diketahui bahwa berat umbi porang dipengaruhi oleh adanya kandungan glukomanan dan CaOx serta kerapatan kristal CaOx, masing-masing sebesar 11 %, 41 % dan 19,6 %. Hal tersebut dikarenakan akumulasi senyawa kimia, yang dihasilkan selama proses metabolisme, pada umbi porang mampu meningkatkan berat umbi. Kerapatan kristal CaOx dipengaruhi oleh adanya kandungan CaOx dan kandungan glukomannan, masing-masing sebesar 33 % dan 24,7 %. Hal tersebut dikarenakan senyawa CaOx merupakan senyawa yang membentuk kristal CaOx sedangkan glukomannan diduga dapat menstimulasi pembentukan dan pertumbuhan kristal CaOx. Kandungan CaOx dipengaruhi oleh adanya kandungan glukomannan sebesar 39 %. Hal tersebut diduga karena glukomannan memicu agregasi CaOx dan meningkatkan konsentrasi ion. Kristal druse, stiloid dan prisma cenderung memiliki kerapatan tertinggi pada umbi yang dipanen saat tanaman rebah, masing-masing sebanyak 1.494 ± 286, 31.280 ± 17.406 dan 6.256 ± 1.533 kristal/cm 2 , dan kerapatannya menurun bila dipanen setelah tanaman rebah karena adanya penurunan aktivitas metabolisme dan oksidasi senyawa oksalat. Kerapatan kristal rafida justru mengalami peningkatan pada umbi yang dipanen setelah tanaman rebah atau saat dormansi, yaitu sebesar 1.656 ± 368 kristal/cm 2 diduga karena adanya pengaruh faktor biotik berupa serangan hama dan kapang. Dari hasil pengamatan mikroskopis, variasi bentuk kristal stiloid, prisma druse dan rafida di ketiga umur panen cenderung seragam, masing-masing mempunyai 1, 2, 3 dan 37 variasi. Kristal rafida tunggal panjang dan rafida berkas pendek menunjukkan perbedaan ukuran di ketiga waktu panen sedangkan bentuk yang lain tidak berbeda. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kandungan glukomannan, kerapatan kristal CaOx, variasi bentuk dan ukuran dari beberapa kristal CaOx cenderung statis atau tidak dipengaruhi oleh waktu panen. Waktu panen berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kandungan kalsium oksalat (CaOx), ukuran kristal rafida tunggal dan rafida berkas pendek. Peningkatan kandungan glukomannan, CaOx dan kerapatan kristal CaOx dapat meningkatkan berat umbi porang. Peningkatan kandungan CaOx dan glukomannan dapat menyebabkan bertambahnya jumlah kristal CaOx. Peningkatan kandungan glukomannan dapat meningkatkan kandungan CaOx
English Abstract
Harvest time was suspected have effect on the level of glucomannan and calcium oxalate (Coax) content, and calcium oxalate crystals (CaOx) in porang corms. Porang is generally harvested in the third period of growth when the plants shed because, at the time, it was suspected that glucomannan had achieved the highest content in corms compared with the content in the porang corms before the plants shed. However, the high demand for porang corms causes corms are often harvested early i.e. before the porang shed. This research had aims to determine: 1) the effect of harvest time of porang corms in the third growing period on both of glucomannan and CaOx content, and total of CaOx crystals density, each shape of CaOx crystals density, and variations in size of CaOx crystal, 2) the relationship between glucomannan or CaOx content or CaOx crystal density and corms weight, 3) the relationship between CaOx content and CaOx crystal density, 4) Shape variation of CaOx crystals at three different harvest time and 5) the relationship between glucomannan and CaOx content or CaOx crystal density. The 2 nd growing period Porang`s corms, which was obtained from the Saradan District, Madiun County, were grown in the garden of Biology Department until the vegetative phase of porang finished. The corms were harvested at three different time i.e. 2 weeks before the plants shed (R0-1), when the plants shed (R0) and two weeks after the plants shed (R0+1). There were three replicates corms for measuring glucomannan content, CaOx content and CaOx crystals at each harvest time. Glucomannan extraction was started by weighing 30 g corms. The corms pieces was grated with coconut grater then it was ground with mortar and pestle and was added aluminum sulfate solution 200 ml, 30 ppm. Furthermore, the solution was incubated at 55 °C for 15 min, diluted 600 ml of distilled water, filtered with fine cloth. The filtrate was centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 30 minutes, 25 °C. The resulted supernatant was precipitated using 95 % isopropyl alcohol (1:1), followed by filtering using Whatmann paper grade 41 to collect coagulated glucomannan. The glucomannan was dried in an oven for overnight at temperature of 45 °C, and glucomannan content was expressed by glucomannan dry weight per corms dry weight. The measurements of CaOx content was conducted in three stages i.e. the digest, CaOx precipitation and permanganate titration. Corms slices were cleared by using a modified clearing method. CaOx crystals were observed under microscope at 100 x or 1000 x magnification. Parameters that observed i.e. shapes of crystals, variations of shapes and CaOx crystal density. Data was analyzed using ANOVA to determine the effect of harvest time of porang corms to the glucomannan and CaOx content, and CaOx crystal density. If significant value (α) was greater than 0.05, the analysis was followed by Tukey test. Bivariate correlation test was conducted to determine the relationship between glucomannan or CaOx content or CaOx crystal density and corms weight, the relationship between CaOx content and CaOx crystal density and also to determine the relationship between glucomannan content and CaOx content or CaOx crystal density. The results showed that content of glucomannan and CaOx and total density of CaOx crystal tended to be higher in corms harvested when the porang shed compared with glucomannan in corms harvested before and after the porang shed, i.e. 29.10 ± 4.57 g/100 g, 15.98 ± 0.60 g/100 g and 40,020 ± 16,554 crystals/cm 2 . It was guessed because the accumulation of glucomannan and CaOx content and CaOx crystal density have achieved the optimal point and no longer used for the growth process. Based on determination value from the results of the correlation test was known that corms weight was influenced by both glucomannan and CaOx content, and also CaOx crystal density, i.e. 11 %, 41 % and 19.6 %. It was guessed because chemical compounds accumulation, that were produced during the metabolism process, could increase corms weight. CaOx crystals density was influenced by CaOx content and glucomannan content, i.e. 33 %, and 24.7 %. It was guessed because CaOx was compound that form CaOx crystal while glucomannan could stimulate the formation and growth of CaOx crystals. 39 % of CaOx content was influenced by glucomannan content. It was guessed because glucomannan could stimulate CaOx aggregation and increased ions concentration. Druse, prisms and styloid crystals tended to have the highest density in corms harvested when the plants shed, i.e. 1,494 ± 286, 31,280 ± 17,406 and 6,256 ± 1,533 crystal/cm 2 , and the density decreased when the corms were harvested at two weeks after plants shed due to decrease in metabolic activity and oxidation of oxalate compound. Raphide crystal had increasing of crystal density in corms harvested at two weeks after plants shed, i.e. 1,656 ± 368 crystal/cm 2 . It was suspected because of the influence of biotic factors, e.g. pests and molds. Based on the microscopic observations, Shape variations of stiloid, prism, druse and raphide tended to be similar at the three harvest time. each of them having 1, 2, 3 and 37 variations. Long single raphide and short bundle raphide had different in size of crystal at the three harvest time, while other shapes are not different. The result showed that the content of glucomannan and CaOx and the density of CaOx crystals, variation in shapes and in size of some of CaOx crystals in all three harvest time tended to be statics or not affected by harvest time. Harvest time significantly influenced the content of calcium oxalate (CaOx), the size of long single and short bundle raphide crystals. Increasing of glucomannan content, CaOx content and CaOx crystal density could increase corms weight. Increasing of CaOx content and glucomannan content could lead to the increasing number of CaOx crystals. Increasing of glucomannan content could increase CaOx content in porang corms.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | TES/584.64/CHA/d/041401084 |
| Subjects: | 500 Natural sciences and mathematics > 584 Liliopsida (Monocotyledons) > 584.6 Cyclanthales, Arales, Pandanales, Typhales |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Biologi, Fakultas MIPA |
| Depositing User: | Endro Setyobudi |
| Date Deposited: | 18 Jun 2014 12:11 |
| Last Modified: | 31 Mar 2022 07:48 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/157817 |
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