Sedyowati, Laksni (2017) Model Waktu Aliran Berdasarkan Model Faktor Retardasi Aliran Pada Permukaan Paving Blok. Doctor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Perubahan iklim sebagai akibat pemanasan bumi telah menyebabkan perubahan karakteristik hujan, yaitu hujan turun dengan intensitas yang tinggi dan durasi yang singkat. Sistem pengelolaan drainase perkotaan saat ini lebih difokuskan pada upaya meminimalkan debit limpasan permukaan pada periode hujan, khususnya dengan menggunakan konsep kendali sumber (source control). Konsep ini mengendalikan debit limpasan di tempat sumber limpasan tersebut berasal. Paving blok adalah salah satu teknologi perkerasan yang menerapkan konsep kendali sumber. Penggunaan paving blok yang semakin meningkat, baik jumlah maupun ragam penggunaannya, akan berkontribusi terhadap perubahan karakteristik kekasaran permukaan suatu kawasan. Di sisi lain, kekasaran permukaan mempunyai peran penting dalam penghambatan laju aliran, menunda waktu aliran limpasan, dan pada akhirnya dapat menurunkan puncak banjir. Penelitian ini menyelidiki tentang faktor retardasi (hambatan) aliran dan waktu aliran pada empat jenis lapisan paving blok dengan variasi kemiringan permukaan dan intensitas hujan. Parameter desain untuk faktor retardasi aliran meliputi sifat fisik paving blok, kemiringan permukaan, dan rasio diameter jatuh butiran hujan. Sedangkan parameter desain untuk waktu aliran meliputi faktor retardasi aliran, kemiringan permukaan, dan intensitas hujan. Keempat jenis lapisan paving blok terdiri dari segiempat dengan pola tulang ikan 90⁰ , tiga berlian, segienam berlubang di tengah diisi pasir, dan segiempat kasar dengan pola anyaman tikar. Eksperimen dilakukan pada suatu lahan uji yang dapat dimiringkan. Lahan uji dilengkapi dengan simulator hujan yang terdiri dari lima sprinkler tipe butterfly. Pengukuran waktu aliran menggunakan modifikasi dye-oil tracing in view method. Data retardasi aliran ditentukan dengan membandingkan antara penurunan kecepatan pada permukaan halus dan permukaan paving blok, dengan kecepatan pada permukaan halus. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis statistik menggunakan analisis korelasi dan determinasi, analisis variansi, analisis regresi linier dan non linier. Uji akurasi model menggunakan Nash-Suttcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), kontrol Tc pada hidrograf limpasan. Hasil penelitian berupa dua Model Empiris Sedyowati , yaitu: (1) model faktor retardasi aliran mengikuti fungsi linier; dan (2) model waktu aliran mengikuti fungsi pangkat. Kedua model empiris tersebut dikembangkan pada seluruh jenis lapisan paving blok; lapisan paving blok dengan rasio bukaan ≤ 10%, dan masing-masing jenis lapisan paving blok. Hasil uji akurasi pada seluruh model menunjukkan NSE berkisar antara 0,44- 0,94, MAE berkisar antara 0,04-0,29, dan RMSE berkisar antara 0,05-0,40. Tingkat akurasi paling tinggi ditunjukkan oleh lapisan paving blok dengan rasio bukaan ≤ 10%. Sedangkan tingkat akurasi paling rendah ditunjukkan oleh paving blok segienam berlubang diisi pasir. Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa keempat jenis paving blok sangat efektif untuk menghambat laju aliran. Pada kemiringan permukaan ≥ 10% penurunan kecepatan mencapai 70%. Kinerja terbaik ditunjukkan oleh paving blok segiempat halus dengan pola tulang ikan. Namun, tingkat akurasi model terbaik ditunjukkan oleh paving blok segiempat kasar pola anyaman tikar. Diperlukan penelitian lanjutan tentang kekuatan struktur dan daya tahan paving blok terhadap keausan, khususnya untuk penerapan paving blok pada kemiringan ≥ 10%.
English Abstract
Climate change as a result of global warming has led to changes in rainfall characteristics, that is, rain falls with high intensity and short duration. The current urban drainage management system is more focused on minimizing surface runoff discharge in the rainy period, especially using the concept of source control. This concept controls the runoff discharge at which the runoff source is derived. Paving blocks are one of the pavement technologies that apply the concept of source control. Increased use of paving blocks, both in number and variety of uses, will contribute to changes in surface roughness characteristics of an area. On the other hand, surface roughness has an important role in retarding of flow rate, delaying runoff time, and finally can decrease flood peak. This research investigated the flow retardation factor and travel time in four types of paving block layers with variations of surface slope and rainfall intensity. The design parameters for flow retardation factor included the physical properties of paving blocks (openings ratio, void ratio, straight channel ratio), surface slope, and raindrop diameter ratios. Whereas the design parameters for travel time included flow retardation factor, surface slope, and rainfall intensity. The four types of paving block layers consisted of rectangular with herringbone 90⁰ patterns, tri-hexagonal, hexagonal-hollowed filled sand, and semi-porous rectangular with basket-weave pattern. The experiment was carried out on a tilted plot. The plot was equipped with a rainfall simulator consisting of five butterfly type sprinklers. The measurement of travel time using dye-oil tracing modification in view method. The flow retardation data was determined by comparing the velocity reduction on the smooth surface and paving block surface, with the velocity on the smooth surface. Statistical analysis was performed by using correlation and determination analysis, variance analysis, linear regression analysis and non-linear analysis. The model accuracy test uses Nash-Suttcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Tc control on runoff hydrograph. The research results were six paires of Empirical Models of Sedyowati, namely: (1) flow factor retardation model following linear function; and (2) the travel time model following power function. Both empirical models were developed on all types of paving block layers; paving block layers with an open ratio of ≤ 10%, and each type of paving block layer. The results of the accuracy test on all models showed the NSE ranged from 0.44-0.94, MAE ranged from 0.04-0.29, and RMSE ranged from 0.05-0.40. The highest level of accuracy was shown by the paving block layer with an opening ratio of ≤ 10%. While the lowest level of accuracy was indicated by hexagonal-hollowed filled sand. In general, it can be concluded that the four types of paving blocks were very effective to retard the flow velocity. At the slope of the surface ≥ 10%, the decrease in velocity reached 70%. The best performance was shown by the rectangular paving blocks with herringbone patterns. However, the best model accuracy level was shown by rectangular with basketweave pattern. Further research is needed on the strength of the structure and resistance of paving blocks, especially for the application of paving blocks at a slope of ≥ 10%.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctor) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | DIS/627.54/SED/m/2017/061706585 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | DRAINAGE, RUNOFF, PAVEMENTS, CONCRETE BLOCKS |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 627 Hydraulic engineering > 627.5 Reclamations, Irrigation, related topics > 627.52 Irrigation > 627.54 Drainage and reclamation from sea |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 14 Aug 2017 01:42 |
| Last Modified: | 12 Dec 2020 03:38 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/1230 |
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