Fitriani, Ima (2018) Keanekaragaman Kepik Predator Hemipteran Pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Di Pt. Astra Agro Lestari, Kalimantan Tengah. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan yang penting dan berperan dalam peningkatan perekonomian Indonesia. Hambatan yang ditemukan dalam upaya pemenuhan kebutuhan hasil produksi kelapa sawit yaitu serangan hama. Salah satu teknik pengendalian hama yang berbasis ramah lingkungan yaitu pemanfaatan musuh alami berupa predator. Pada penelitian ini hanya mengkaji predator dari ordo Hemiptera karena di perkebunan kelapa sawit hama penting yang menyebabkan kehilangan hasil yang signifikan yaitu ulat api Sethotosea asigna Eecke (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) dan ulat kantung Mahasena corbetti Tams (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Predator ulat api S. asigna dan ulat kantung M. corbetti yang sering ditemukan adalah kepik predator hemipteran yaitu Sycanus leucomesus Stal. (Reduviidae) dan Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff (Pentatomidae). Informasi tentang keanekaragaman kepik predator hemipteran di perkebunan kelapa sawit belum banyak dilaporkan. Oleh karena itu, studi keanekaragaman kepik predator hemipteran di kelapa sawit pada berbagai jarak dari habitat alami menjadi kajian untuk melihat pengaruh keberadaan habitat alami dalam menunjang kegiatan budidaya tanaman kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keanekaragaman kepik predator hemipteran pada perkebunan kelapa sawit, mengkaji pengaruh jarak dari habitat alami terhadap keanekaragaman dan komposisi kepik predator hemipteran. Penelitian ini dilakukan di perkebunan kelapa sawit PT. Astra Agro Lestari, Kalimantan Tengah. Kriteria lokasi pengamatan adalah perkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah menghasilkan. Pada perkebunan kelapa sawit terdapat enam habitat alami, kemudian ditetapkan empat habitat alami, mewakili habitat alami di perkebunan kelapa sawit. Plot pengamatan berupa lahan kelapa sawit dengan jarak yang berbeda dari habitat alami. Pada setiap lokasi habitat alami ditetapkan 3 jarak yaitu jarak dekat, kurang dari 200 m; jarak sedang sekitar 2 km dan jarak jauh sekitar 5 km. Total plot pengamatan adalah 12 plot. Setiap plot pengamatan ditetapkan 35 pohon kelapa sawit (7 x 5 pohon) dengan 6 pohon dipilih sebagai pohon contoh, sehingga jumlah seluruh pohon contoh yaitu 72 pohon. Setiap pohon contoh akan dilakukan pengasapan (fogging) untuk mendapatkan kepik contoh. Pengasapan menggunakan insektisida dengan bahan aktif lamda cyhalothrin. Pengasapan tersebut diaplikasikan menggunakan mesin pulsFOG K-22 BIO dengan bantuan petugas lapang. Sehari sebelum pengasapan, dilakukan analisis vegetasi. Sebelum pengasapan, dilakukan pengukuran kelembaban udara, suhu serta intensitas cahaya terlebih dahulu di plot pengamatan. Pada bagian bawah pohon contoh diberi alas banner 8 x 8 m. Lama waktu pengasapan untuk setiap pohon contoh adalah 5 menit, yaitu sampai seluruh kanopi pohon contoh tertutupi oleh asap. Serangga yang jatuh pada banner dikoleksi 60 menit setelah pengasapan, kemudian serangga dimasukkan ke dalam botol koleksi yang sudah berisi alkohol 70%. Pengamatan ini dilakukan sebulan sekali selama tiga bulan. Botol koleksi yang berisi serangga ii kemudian dibawa ke laboratorium untuk dilakukan pemisahan kepik dan diidentifikasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, jumlah kepik yang ditemukan 30 spesies yaitu 11 kepik fitofag dari 7 famili dan 19 kepik predator dari 2 famili. Kepik predator yang ditemukan yaitu Sycanus sp., Eocanthecona sp. dan 17 spesies dari famili Reduviidae. Kepik predator yang dominan di perkebunan kelapa sawit yaitu Sycanus sp., Eocanthecona sp., dan Reduviidae sp.04. Jarak dari habitat alami tidak berpengaruh terhadap keanekaragaman kepik predator hemipteran. Salah satu faktor yang diduga mempengaruhi keanekaragaman kepik predator adalah proporsi habitat alami yang rendah pada skala lanskap perkebunan kelapa sawit. Waktu pengambilan sampel berpengaruh nyata terhadap keanekaragaman kepik predator pada jarak dekat dan jauh dari habitat alami ditandai dengan penurunan kekayaan spesies dan kelimpahan individu kepik predator hemipteran pada setiap bulan. Kondisi iklim mikro yaitu kelembaban, suhu dan intensitas cahaya tidak mempengaruhi keanekaragaman kepik predator. Keanekaragaman kepik predator dipengaruhi secara nyata oleh vegetasi berbunga di sekitar tanaman kelapa sawit daripada habitat alami. Tingkat kesamaan komunitas tertinggi pada jarak sedang dan jauh dari habitat alami yaitu 84,8% sedangkan tingkat kesamaan komunitas terendah pada jarak dekat dan jauh dari habitat alami yaitu 78,9%. Pada berbagai jarak dari habitat alami komposisi spesiesnya mirip, hal ini karena adanya kemiripan habitat pada lokasi pengamatan.
English Abstract
Palm oil is one of the important plantation commodities and that have a role in improving the Indonesian economy. Obstacles found in effort to meet the needs of palm oil production is a pest attack. One of the pest control techniques that are environmentally friendly is the utilization of natural enemies form predators. In this study only studied predators of Hemiptera order because of important pest that oil palm causing significant yield loss on palm oilplantation are Sethotosea asigna Eecke (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) and Mahasena corbetti Tams (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) caterpillars. Predator caterpillar of S. asigna and caterpillar of M. corbetti which is often found is a hemipteran predator lord that is Sycanus leucomesus Stal. (Reduviidae) and Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff (Pentatomidae). Information about the diversity of hemipteran predator bugs in palm oil plantations has not been widely reported. Therefore, studies of diversity of hemipteran predator bugs in palm oil with varying distance from natural habitats are studied to see the effect of natural habitats in supporting the cultivation of palm oil crops. This aim of the research were to study the diversity of hemipteran predator bug on palm oil plantation, determine the effect of distance from natural habitats on the diversity and composition of hemipteran predator bugs. This research was conducted in oil palm plantations PT. Astra Agro Lestari, Central Kalimantan. The criteria of research location was palm oil plantation that have been produced. On the palm oil plantation there was six natural habitats, then set four natural habitat to represented the natural habitat on palm oil plantation. The observation plot was a palm oil plantation with different distance from natural habitat. At each location of natural habitat set 3 distances there was close distance, less than 200 m; medium distance about 2 km and long distance about 5 km. Total observation plot were 12 plots which each plot was assigned 35 oil palm trees (7 x 5 trees) with 6 trees chosen as sample trees, so total of all sample trees were 72 trees. To got sample of bug, each sample trees was fumigated (fogging) by insecticide of lambda cyhalothrin that applicated use pulsFOG K-22 BIO engine with aid of field officers.The day before fogging, vegetation analysis was performed. Before fumigation, air humidity, temperature and light intensity were measured on observation plot. At the bottom of the sample trees was given by banner base 8 x 8 m. The length of fogging time for each sample tree was 5 minutes, until the whole canopy of sample tree was covered by smoke. Insects that fallen into banner was collected 60 minutes after fogging, then insects are inserted into a collection bottle that have been contains 70% alcohol. This observation was done once a month for three months. The collection bottles that contained with was carried into laboratory to determine of bug and identification. Based on the results, the number of bugs that found in the observation plot was 30 species consisted of 11 phytophagos bugs from 7 families and 19 iv predator bugs from 2 families. The predator bugs found were Sycanus sp., Eocanthecona sp., and 17 species of Reduviidae. Predatory bug dominant in palm oil plantations were Sycanus sp., Eocanthecona sp., and Reduviidae sp.04. The distance from the natural habitat has no affect to diversity of hemipteran predator bug. One of factors that suspected to affect the diversity of hemipteran predator bug was the low proportion of natural habitats on the landscape scale of palm oil plantations. Times to observation the sample affected the diversity of hemipteran predator bug at close and long distance from natural habitat that indicated by the decrease of species and individu diversity of hemipteran predator bugs each month. Microclimate conditions that was moisture, temperature and light intensity has no affect to diversity of hemipteran predator bugs. The diversity of hemipteran predator bugs was significantly influenced by flowering vegetation around palm oil crops compared to natural habitat. The highest level of community similarity at medium and long distance from natural habitat was 84.8%, while the lowest level of community similarity at close and long distance from natural habitat was 78.9%. At various distances from the natural habitat the composition of the species is similar, this is because of the resemblance of the habitat at the observation site.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Sarjana) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | SKR/FP/2018/6/051801481 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | - |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 633 Field and plantation crops > 633.8 Other crops grown for industrial processing > 633.85 Plants producing nonvolatile oils > 633.851 Oil palms |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Pertanian > Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman |
| Depositing User: | Nur Cholis |
| Date Deposited: | 23 May 2018 01:58 |
| Last Modified: | 19 Oct 2021 23:07 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/10885 |
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