Shabrina, Eka Nur and Irnia Nurika, STP, MP, PhD and Prof. Sri Suhartini, STP, M.Env.Mgt, PhD (2023) Biokonversi Lignoselulosa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) menggunakan Comamonas testosteroni dan Pemanfaatan Residu Organik Pada Produksi Biometana. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Limbah TKKS merupakan limbah padat dengan persentase terbesar yang dihasilkan dari setiap ton pengolahan tandan buah segar (TBS). Dalam setiap 1 ton TBS yang diolah, dihasilkan sekitar 21,8% minyak sawit mentah (CPO) serta berbagai limbah lignoselulosa diantaranya terdapat 22,5% tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dengan produksi CPO mencapai 45,1 juta ton pada tahun 2021. TKKS tersusun atas matriks kompleks dengan 3 polimer utama yaitu selulosa sebesar 23,7 – 65,0%, hemiselulosa sebesar 20,6 – 33,5%, dan lignin sebesar 14,1 – 30,5%. Lignin termasuk polimer aromatik kompleks yang melekat pada karbohidrat dalam tanaman untuk memberikan kekakuan dan perlindungan dinding sel. Produk turunan lignin sebagai valuable chemical dapat berperan sebagai substitusi produk asal bahan baku fosil dan dapat digunakan dalam beragam aplikasi mulai dari bahan bakar, bahan kimia maupun bio material seperti aromatik, dan fenol. Bakteri ligninolitik memiliki kemampuan untuk menghasilkan enzim dengan aktivitas depolimerisasi seperti zat aromatik dari fenol sederhana hingga polimer lignin yang sangat kompleks. Bakteri Comamonas testosteroni mampu menghasilkan enzim ekstraseluler berupa Lakase dan MnP. Residu organik yang dihasilkan dari proses degradasi lignin dan produksi senyawa aromatik dari TKKS masih memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku produksi biogas dengan kadar lignin minimal sehingga menurunkan tingkat penghambatan selama proses anaerobic digestion. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (i) mengevaluasi pengaruh biokonversi TKKS dengan bakteri Comamonas testosteroni terhadap kandungan lignoselulosa (selulosa, hemiselulosa, lignin) (ii) mengidentifikasi senyawa aromatik pada hasil biokonversi lignoselulosa TKKS, dan (iii) mengevaluasi pengaruh penggunaan residu organik TKKS setelah biokonversi dan identifikasi senyawa aromatik pada potensi biometana. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2022 sampai Juni 2023 di Laboratorium Bioindustri, Jurusan Teknik Industri Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 tahapan yaitu pretreatment TKKS dengan bakteri C. testosteroni selama 4 dan 7 hari pada konsentrasi inokulum 0,5%, 1%, dan 2% dimana setiap perlakuan dilakukan 3 kali ulangan. Hasil pretreatment kemudian diekstraksi untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa aromatik dan residu digunakan untuk penelitian tahap ke 2. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada sampel setelah pretreatment diantaranya adalah pH, total gula reduksi (TGR), total soluble phenol (TSP), susut berat, lignoselulosa, morfologi (SEM), gugus fungsi (FTIR), komposisi unsur (CHON), aktivitas enzim, potensi kalor (CV), dan kandungan senyawa aromatik (GC-MS). Produksi biometana dilakukan menggunakan metode Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test pada kondisi mesofilik. Sampel yang digunakan diantaranya adalah kontrol blank, alpha selulosa, TKKS fresh, TKKS untreated, A1B1R, dan A4B3R. Analisis data BMP test terdiri dari perhitungan volume biogas kumulatif, volume metana kumulatif, dan potensi metana spesifik. Hasil penelitian tahap pertama menunjukkan bahwa faktor lama inkubasi dan perbedaan konsentrasi inokulum bakteri berpengaruh secara signifikasn terhadap pH, TGR, TSP dan susut berat (sig. <0,05). TSP dan TGR tertinggi vi didapatkan pada sampel A4B3 dengan nilai 0,033 mg/g dan 4,12 mg/g, pH terendah pada A3B3 sebesar 6,68, dan susut berat tertinggi pada A4B3 yaitu sebesar 20%. Kandungan lignoselulosa setelah pretreatment menujukkan sampel A4B3 menghasilkan kandungan selulosa 53,45%, kandungan hemiselulosa paling tinggi 16,21%, dan lignin paling rendah 15,67%. Pretreatment dengan bakteri menghasilkan kerusakan morfologi pada permukaan dan perubahan berupa peregangan maupun deformasi pada gugus fungsi TKKS. Hasil pengujian senyawa volatil pada sampel hasil ekstraksi menunjukkan beberapa senyawa dapat diidentifikasi seperti senyawa aromatik, fenolik, gula, dan asam organik hasil dari biokonversi lignoselulosa. Bakteri C.testosteroni memiliki kemampuan dalam mendegradasi senyawa aromatik, kehilangan senyawa aromatik turunan lignin pada sampel setelah pretreatment dapat terjadi akibat aktivitas bakteri. Hasil pengukuran BMP menunjukkan sampel dan data yang dihasilkan reliabel atau konsisten dengan nilai Cronbach’s Alpha >0,6. Potensi metana spesifik tertinggi didapatkan pada hasil ekstraksi A4B3R sebesar 0,202 m3/kgVS atau 74% lebih tinggi dari TKKS untreated. Kondisi pH TKKS sebelum BMP sekitar 7.94-7.61 dan setelah BMP sekitar 6,67-6,93.
English Abstract
OPEFB waste is a solid waste, with the largest proportion produced by each ton of Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) processing. In every ton of processed FFB, approximately 21.8% crude palm oil (CPO) and various lignocellulosic wastes are produced, including 22.5% oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), with CPO production reaching 45.1 million tons in 2021. OPEFB formed by a complex matrix with three main polymers: 23.7–65.0% cellulose, 20.6–33.5% hemicellulose, and 14.1–30.5% lignin. Lignin is included as a complex aromatic polymers attached to carbohydrates in plants to provide rigidity and protection of cell walls. Derivative products of lignin as a valuable chemical could contribute as substitute products for fossil raw materials and can be used in a variety of applications ranging from fuels to chemicals and biomaterials such as aromatics and phenols. Ligninolytic bacteria has the ability to produce enzymes with depolymerization activity, such as aromatic substances ranging from simple phenols to very complex lignin polymers. Comamonas testosteroni bacteria are capable of producing extracellular enzymes in the form of laccase and MnP. Organic residues resulting from the lignin degradation process and the production of aromatic compounds from OPEFB still have potential as raw materials for biogas production with minimal lignin content to reduce the inhibition rate during the anaerobic digestion process. This study aims to (i) evaluate the effect of OPEFB bioconversion with Comamonas testosteroni bacteria on lignocellulosic content (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), (ii) identify aromatic compounds in the results of OPEFB lignocellulosic bioconversion, and (iii) evaluate the influence of using OPEFB organic residues after bioconversion and identify of aromatic compounds on biomethane potential. The research is conducted from July 2022 to June 2023 at the Bioindustry Laboratory, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University. This study consists 2 stages, namely OPEFB pretreatment with C. testosteroni bacteria for 4 and 7 days at inoculum concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, where each treatment was repeated 3 times. The results of the pretreatment were then extracted to determine the content of aromatic compounds and residues used for the second phase of the study. The tests carried out on the samples after pretreatment included pH, total reducing sugars (TGR), total soluble phenol (TSP), weight loss, lignocellulose, morphology (SEM), functional groups (FTIR), elemental composition (CHON), enzyme activity, heat potential (CV), and content of aromatic compounds (GC-MS). Biomethane production was carried out using the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test method in mesophilic conditions. The samples used included blank control, alphacellulose, fresh OPEFB, untreated OPEFB, A1B1R, and A4B3R. BMP test data analysis consists of calculation the cumulative biogas volume, cumulative methane volume, and specific methane potential. The results of the first stage of the study showed that the incubation period and differences in bacterial inoculum concentration factor significantly affected pH, TGR, TSP, and weight loss (sig. <0.05). The highest TSP and TGR were obtained in sample A4B3, with values of 0.033 mg/g and 4.12 mg/g, respectively; the lowest pH was in A3B3 at 6.68; and the highest weight loss was in A4B3 at 20%. The viii lignocellulosic content after pretreatment showed that the A4B3 sample produced 53.45% cellulose, the highest hemicellulose content was 16.21%, and the lowest lignin content was 15.67%. Pretreatment with bacteria resulted in morphological damage to the surface and changes in the form of widening and deformation of the OPEFB functional groups. The assessment result of volatile compounds in the extracted samples showed that several compounds could be identified, such as aromatic, phenolic, sugar, and organic acids resulting from lignocellulosic bioconversion. C.testosteroni bacteria have the ability to degrade aromatic compounds, loss of lignin-derived aromatic compounds in samples after pretreatment can occur due to bacterial activity. The results of the BMP measurements show that the samples and data produced are reliable or consistent with Cronbach's Alpha values > 0.6. The highest specific methane potential was obtained from the A4B3R extraction at 0.202 m3/kg VS, or 74% higher than untreated OPEFB. The pH of OPEFB before BMP was around 7.94–7.61, and after BMP, it was around 6.67–6.93.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 042310 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | TKKS, Bakteri Pendegradasi Lignin, Pretreatment Biologis, Senyawa Aromatik, Biometana-OPEFB, Lignin-Degrading Bacteria, Biological Pretreatment, Aromatic Compounds, Biomethane |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Teknik Industri Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Unnamed user with email [email protected] |
| Date Deposited: | 16 Jan 2024 04:15 |
| Last Modified: | 16 Jan 2024 04:15 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/210854 |
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