Efisiensi Industri dan Strategi Bersaing dalam Mendukung Kinerja Ekspor: Kajian pada Agroindustri Kakao Olahan di Jawa Timur

Harya, GysMSka Indah and PrProf. Dr. Ir. Nuhfil Hanani AR., MS and Dr. Rosihan Asmara,, SE MS, MP and Prof. Dr.Ir. Abdul Wahib Muhaimin, Efisiensi Industri dan Strategi Bersaing dalam Mendukung Kinerja Ekspor: Kajian pada Agroindustri Kakao Olahan di Jawa Timur. Doktor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Agroindustri kakao olahan memasuki fase baru bisnis yang hiperkompetisi dimana situasi semua perusahaan berfokus menjadi produsen biaya rendah. Permasalahan menjadi kompleks ketika terjadi tren penurunan unit usaha dari agroindustri kakao olahan di Jawa Timur dari tahun ke tahun. Pada tahun 2017 diketahui terdapat 68 unit usaha Agroindustri Kakao Olahan, dan ironisnya pada pertengahan tahun 2021 jumlahnya menurun secara drastis menjadi hanya 37 unit usaha. Secara khusus selama wabah pandemi, unit bisnis tersebut menghadapi masalah terhambatnya siklus serta masalah pengiriman produk untuk konsumsi para eksportir. Dengan menencermati kondisi tersebut, agroindustri kakao olahan Jawa Timur seyogyanya mampu menyusun ulang strategi bersaing untuk membangun posisi menguntungkan dan berkelanjutan. Berpijak dari fakta aktual yang ada maka diperlukan tindakan untuk mengeksplorasi “EFISIENSI INDUSTRI DAN STRATEGI BERSAING DALAM MENDUKUNG KINERJA EKSPOR: Kajian pada Agroindustri Kakao Olahan di Jawa Timur”. Problematika efisiensi teknis pada industri kecil dan menengah yang ada di Indonesia berkaitan dengan mesin dan peralatan yang kurang optimal atau memiliki tingkat teknologi yang rendah. Disamping itu, efisiensi teknis dikaitkan dengan ukuran perusahaan, lokasi, orientasi ekspor di dalam negeri dan dunia pasar, usia perusahaan, tingkat teknologi, pemilik dan pendidikan. Ketidakoptimalan penggunaan kapasitas Industri pengolahan kakao dalam negeri mengalami masa berat ketika kapasitas terpakainya mencapai titik terendah yakni 54% pada tahun 2009. Selain mesin dan peralatan yang kurang optimal permasalahan lain menyebabkan tidak optimalnya penggunaan kapasitas pabrik tersebut. Penelitian ini menjadi semakin menarik, dimana efisiensi industry dihubungkan dengan Model Nine Factor yang diusulkan (Cho and Moon, 2000) dimana model tersebut dikembangkan dari beberapa model strategi bersaing Porter selanjutnya sebagai gagasan keterbaruan peneliti dalam membangun model strategi bersaing Agroindustri Kakao Olahan Jawa Timur. Peran efisiensi industry pada kegiatan ekspor mendorong spesialisasi produk yang dihasilkan, memanfaatkan skala ekonomi yang datang dengan pasar yang lebih luas dan mengasimilasi norma-norma teknologi dan organisasi baru yang berasal dari partisipasi di pasar dunia, maka dari kegiatan ekspor ini perusahaan akan memperhatikan dan mengutamakan kinerja ekspornya sebelum bermuara kepada efisiensi Industri. Strategi bersaing erat kaitannya dengan kinerja ekspor untuk mencapai efisiensi industry karena ekspor dipandang sebagai indikator kakao olahan dalam negeri untuk bersaing di pasar global. Efisiensi memiliki peran penting bagi agroindustri kakao olahan dalam mencapai keunggulan bersaing di pasar global. Sebagai produsen agroindustri kakao olahan seharusnya mampu menghasilkan dan memenuhi permintaan kakao olahan yang dibutuhkan oleh konsumen dalam negeri bahkan luar negeri sehingga perlu memperhatikan kualitas dan kuantitas produksinya. Sebagai distributor, agroindustri kakao olahan adalah pelaku proses mata rantai penyaluran produk kakao olahan. Didalam arti lain agroindustri kakao olahan memiliki multiplier effect sektor pendukung yang bersama-sama menjadi sumber-sumber produksi atau nilai tambah, pendapatan dan pengeluaran dari lingkungan bisnis dan aktivitas perekonomian wilayah Jawa Timur. xTujuan penelitian ini secara umum Menganalisis efisiensi teknis agroindustri dalam menghasilkan kakao olahan di Jawa Timur, menganalisis hubungan langsung efisiensi industri dengan strategi bersaing, menganalisis hubungan langsung strategi bersaing dengan kinerja ekspor, merumuskan model strategi bersaing dalam memediasi efisiensi industri terhadap kinerja ekspor pada agroindustri kakao Jawa Timur. Pemilihan lokasi sampel berdasarkan domisili Agroindustri Kakao di Jawa Timur yang tercatat aktif di Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Provinsi Jawa Timur, yaitu terdapat 37 unit usaha. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi Teknik wawancara, Teknik pengamatan, wawancara bebas dengan informan kunci, catatan lapangan (dokumentasi). Metode analisa data menggunakan metode DEA dan PLSSEM. Hasil penelitian yang tertuang dalam disertasi ini adalah: Pertama, terdapat DMU pada kategori full efisien teknis sebesar 43,25 persen, kategori tinggi 16,21 persen, kategori sedang 18,91 persen dan kategori rendah 21,63 persen. Distribusi nilai efisiensi industri berdasarkan model VRS menunjukkan 16 DMU efisien. Kedua, terdapat hubungan langsung Efisiensi industri dengan Strategi Bersaing yang ditunjukkan dari hasil nilai nilai p-value sebesar 0.000 < 0.05. Ketiga, Berdasarkan hasil nilai p-value sebesar 0.000<0.05 maka terdapat hubungan langsung Strategi Bersaing dengan Kinerja Ekspor pada Agroindustri Kakao di Jawa Timur. Keempat, Tersusunnya kerangka model kinerja ekspor, dimana strategi bersaing mampu memediasi Efisiensi industri terhadap Kinerja Ekspor pada Agroindustri Kakao di Jawa Timur. Strategi Bersaing sebagai variabel intervening yang menunjukan hasil nilai p-value sebesar 0.000 < 0.05 hubungan variabel tidak langsung dinyatakan signifikan atau diterima. Penelitian ini menemukan sebuah Model Peningkatan Kinerja Ekspor Industri Kakao Olahan dengan diperolehnya hasil bahwa variabel efisiensi berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap variabel kinerja ekspor yang dimediasi oleh variabel strategi bersaing. Model tersebut diharapkan mampu memberikan peningkatkan kinerja ekspor pada Agroindustri kakao di Jawa Timur. Disertasi ini memberikan kebaruan ketika efisiensi industry dihubungkan dengan Model Nine Factor yang dikembangkan (Cho and Moon, 2000) dari perbaikan beberapa model strategi bersaing Porter selanjutnya sebagai gagasan keterbaruan peneliti untuk membangun model kinerja ekspor Agroindustri Kakao

English Abstract

The processed cocoa agroindustry is entering a new phase of hypercompetitive business where all companies focus on becoming low-cost producers. The problem becomes complex when there is a downward trend in the business units of the processed cocoa agroindustry in East Java from year to year. In 2017, it was found that there were 68 processed cocoa agroindustry business units, and ironically in mid-2021, it was found that the number decreased drastically to only 37 business units. Especially during the current pandemic outbreak, the business units face the problem of delaying the cycle of procuring raw materials as well as the problem of product delivery for the consumption of exporters. By observing these conditions, the East Java processed cocoa agroindustry should be able to rearrange competitive strategies to build a profitable and sustainable position. Based on the facts, action is needed to explore "INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY AND COMPETITIVE STRATEGY IN SUPPORTING EXPORT PERFORMANCE: A Study on Processed Cocoa Agroindustry in East Java". The problem of technical efficiency in small and medium industries in Indonesia is related to machines and equipment that are less than optimal or have a low technological level. In addition, technical efficiency is related to company size, location, export orientation in the domestic and world markets, company age, technology level, owner, and education. The non-optimal use of the capacity of the domestic cocoa processing industry experienced a difficult period when its used capacity reached its lowest point, namely 54% in 2009. In addition to machines and equipment that are less than optimal, other problems can also cause the non-optimal use of the capacity of the industry. This research is becoming increasingly interesting, where industrial efficiency is linked to the Nine Factor Model proposed by (Cho and Moon, 2000) where the model is developed from several Porter competitive strategy models, which is the latest idea of researchers in building a competitive strategy model for the East Java Processed Cocoa Agroindustry. The role of industrial efficiency in export activities encourages the specialization of products produced, takes advantage of the economies of scale that come with a wider market, and assimilates new technological and organizational norms originating from participation in the world market, so from this export activity, the company will pay attention to and prioritize performance exports before leading to industrial efficiency. The competitive strategy is closely related to export performance to achieve industrial efficiency because exports are seen as an indicator of domestic processed cocoa to compete in the global market. Efficiency has an important role for the processed cocoa agroindustry in achieving a competitive advantage in the global market. As a producer, the processed cocoa agroindustry should be able to produce and meet the demand for processed cocoa needed by domestic and even foreign consumers so it is necessary to pay attention to the quality and quantity of its production. As a distributor, the processed cocoa agroindustry is the actor in the distribution chain of processed cocoa products. In another sense, the processed cocoa agroindustry has a multiplier effect on supporting sectors which together become sources of production or added value, income, and expenses from the business environment and economic activity in the East Java region. This research is generally aimed to analyse agroindustry technical efficiency specifically to East Java cocoa processing production, direct correlation analysis between industrial efficiency and xiirivalry strategy, direct correlation between rivalry strategy and export performance, rivalry strategy arrangement in terms of technical efficiency meditation towards export performance. The samples location options were based on cocoa agroindustry origins, which was actively recorded at the Department of industry and commerce, East Java. There were 37 DMU. Data collection techniques were using interview, observation, unstructured interview accompanied by (key informant), documentation techniques. Data analysis method were using DEA and PLS-SEM. The research result dissertation presented are followed; First, there were 43,25% DMU for full-efficient technical category, 16,21% DMU for high technical category, 18,91% DMU for low technical category. The technical efficiency score distribution represented 16 efficiency DMU based on VRS model. Second, there were direct correlation between Industrial efficiency and rivalry strategy which presented from 0.000 < 0.05 p-value scores result. Third, based on 0.000 < 0.05 pvalue score result, then there were direct correlation between rivalry strategy and export performance to the cocoa agroindustry in East Java. Fourth, the export performance model framework was arranged, in which rivalry strategy was able to compete negotiation between industrial efficiency to export performance in East Java cocoa agroindustry. Rivalry strategy acted as an intervening variable which represented 0.000 < 0.05 p-value score results that indirectly variable correlation is either stated significant or accepted This research found an explicit increasing cocoa processing industrial export performance model. It is gained from significantly positive efficiency variable to export performance variable which was negotiated by rivalry strategy variable. This model is enormously expected to be able to grant export increasement, particularly to East Java cocoa industry. This dissertation gives the newest perspective when industrial efficiency is related to developing Nine Factor Model (Cho and Moon, 2000) gained from several Porter rivalry strategy models, which proceeds as renewal research ideas in order to develop cocoa agroindustry export performance

Item Type:	Thesis (Doktor)
Identification Number:	-
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Kakao Olahan, Efisiensi industri, Model Nine Factor, Strategi Bersaing Kinerja Ekspor, PLS dan DEA
Divisions:	S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian
Depositing User:	Unnamed user with username suprihatin
Date Deposited:	09 Jan 2024 03:42
Last Modified:	09 Jan 2024 03:42
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/206407

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