Rohma, Novita Ainur and Sri Suhartini,, STP., M.Env.Mgt., Ph.D and Irnia Nurika,, STP., MP., Ph.D (2022) Perbandingan Pre-treatment Kimia dan Biologis pada Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) terhadap Produksi Biogas dan Bioetanol. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Produksi kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis) di Indonesia mencapai 49,12 juta ton pada tahun 2020. Satu ton tandan buah segar (TBS) di Indonesia menghasilkan sekitar 22,5% tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) sebagai limbah padat terbanyak dalam memproduksi minyak kelapa sawit. Dengan demikian, pada tahun 2020 diperkirakan potensi TKKS sebesar 11.052 juta ton. TKKS mengandung 44,2% selulosa; 33,5% hemiselulosa; dan 20,4% lignin. Dominasi selulosa dalam TKKS berpotensi tinggi sebagai bahan baku produksi biogas dan bioetanol. Namun, efisiensi konversi TKKS menjadi biogas dan bioetanol masih perlu ditingkatkan karena kandungan ligninnya yang tinggi. Penggunaan pre-treatment kimia (yaitu asam sulfat (H2SO4), natrium hidroksida (NaOH)) dan pre treatment biologis (yaitu ensiling dengan EM4 atau molase, dan enzim laccase) telah banyak digunakan dalam mengurangi kandungan lignin di TKKS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pre-treatment kimia dan biologis (misalnya H2SO4, NaOH, EM4, molase, dan enzim laccase) (i) terhadap karakteristik TKKS dan (ii) terhadap produksi biogas dan bioetanol. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk (iii) menentukan pilihan pre-treatment terbaik untuk meningkatkan produksi biogas dan bioetanol dari TKKS. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2020 hingga Oktober 2021 di Laboratorium Bioindustri, Jurusan Teknologi Agroindustri, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Brawijaya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Percobaan Tersarang menggunakan 2 faktor pre-treatment kimia (H2SO4 dan NaOH) dan tiga faktor pre-treatment biologis (ensiling dengan penambahan EM4, ensiling dengan penambahan molase, dan enzim laccase). Setiap faktor terdiri dari 3 tingkat konsentrasi yang tersarang di setiap faktor pre-treatment dan setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Hasil pre-treatment dilakukan pengukuran kandungan proksimat, komposisi unsur (CHNS), nilai kalor, lignoselulosa, total gula reduksi (TGR), struktur permukaan dan morfologi menggunakan scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dan komposisi unsur/mineral menggunakan energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Untuk mengukur potensi biogas dan metana, dilakukan dengan menggunakan AMPTS II selama 28 hari pada kondisi mesofilik. Produksi bioetanol dari TKKS dilakukan dengan metode separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Pre-treatment terbaik dipilih dengan menggunakan metode Zeleny. Hasil percobaan pre-treatment menunjukkan bahwa seluruh pre-treatment berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan karakteristik TKKS terutama terhadap penurunan kadar lignin. Volatile solid (VS) tertinggi pada pre-treatment asam dengan konsentrasi H2SO4 sebesar 1,6% v/v (98,83%), karbohidrat tertinggi pada pre-treatment enzimatik dengan enzim laccase 3U/g (85,17 %TS), CV tertinggi pada pre-treatment enzimatik enzim laccase 3U/g (20,82 MJ/kg TS), selulosa tertinggi dan lignin terendah pada pre-treatment enzimatik enzim laccase 3U/g (49,32% dan 12,45%), TGR tertinggi pada pre-treatment ensiling dengan penambahan molase 6% (87,43%), semua pre-treatment menyebabkan kerusakan morfologi permukaan TKKS, dan kandungan karbon tertinggi pada pre-treatment ensiling dengan penambahan EM4 9% (64,63%). SMP tertinggi diperoleh dari pre-treatment ensiling dengan penambahan molase 6% (0,183 m3 CH4/kg VS). Rendemen bioetanol tertinggi diperoleh dari pre-treatment ensiling dengan penambahan molase 4% (51,55%). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pre-treatment terbaik untuk menghasilkan biogas dari TKKS adalah pre-treatment basa dengan NaOH 3,8 %w/v dan pre-treatment terbaik untuk menghasilkan bioetanol dari TKKS adalah pre-treatment basa dengan NaOH sebesar 1,8 %w/v.
English Abstract
Production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Indonesia up to 49.12 million tons in 2020. One ton of fresh fruit bunches in Indonesia produces about 22.5% of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), accounted as the most solid waste generated from oil palm mills. Thus, in 2020, it was estimated that the potential of OPEFB was 11,052 million tons. OPEFB contains 44.2% of cellulose; 33.5% of hemicellulose; and 20.4% of lignin. The predominance of cellulose in OPEFB has a high potential as feedstock for biogas and bioethanol productionl. However, the efficacy of converting OPEFB into biogas and bioethanol still need improvement due to its high lignin content. The use of chemical pre-treatment (i.e. sulfuric acid (H2SO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH)) and biological pre-treatment (i.e. ensiling using EM4 or molasses, and enzymatic using laccase enzymes) have been widely used in reducing lignin content in OPEFB. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chemical and biological Pre-treatments (e.g. H2SO4, NaOH, EM4, ensiling, and laccase enzymes) (i) on the characteristics of OPEFB and (ii) on the biogas and bioethanol production. The study also aimed to (iii) determine best Pre-treatment option to enhance biogas and bioethanol production from OPEFB. This research was carried out from September 2020 to October 2021 at the Bioindustry Laboratory, Department of Agro-industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya. The experimental design used two chemical Pre-treatment factors (H2SO4 and NaOH) and three biological Pre-treatment factors (ensiling with EM4 addition, ensiling with molasses addition, and laccase enzymes). Each factor consisted of 3 concentration levels nested in each Pre-treatment factor and all prepared in triplicate. The Pre-treatment results have measured the content of proximate, elemental composition (CHNS), calorific calue (CV), lignocellulose, total reducing sugar (TRS), surface structure and morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental/minerals composition using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). For measuring biogas and methane potential, was carried out using AMPTS II over 28 days period at mesophilic condition. Bioethanol production from OPEFBs was carried out using separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method. The best pre-treatment was selected by using the Zeleny method. The results of Pre-treatment experiments showed that all Pre-treatment had a positive and significant effect on improving the characteristics of OPEFB, mostly on reducing lignin content. The highest volatile solids (VS) at acid Pre-treatment with H2SO4 of 1.6% v/v (98.83%), the highest carbohydrate at enzymatic Pre-treatment with laccase enzyme of 3U/g (85.17 %TS), the highest CV at enzymatic Pre-treatment with laccase enzyme of 3U/g (20.82 MJ/kg), the highest cellulose and the lowest lignin at enzymatic Pre-treatment with laccase enzyme of 3U/g (49.32% and 12.45%), the highest TGR at ensiling Pre-treatment with 6% molasses addition (87.43%), all pre-treatments caused surface morphology damage of OPEFB, and the highest carbon content at pre-treatment ensiling with 9% EM4 addition (64.63%). The highest SMP was obtained from ensiling pre-treatment with 6% molasses addition (0.183 m3 CH4/kg VS). The highest yield of bioethanol was obtained from ensiling Pre-treatment with 4% molasses addition (51.55%). The results of this study indicate that the best pre-treatment to produce biogas from OPEFB is alkaline pre-treatment with NaOH of 3,8% v/v and the best pre-treatment to produce bioetanol from OPEFB is alkaline pre-treatment with NaOH of 1,8% v/v.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | 0422100006 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | OPEFB, Biogas, Bioethanol, Chemical Pre-treatment, Biological Pre-treatment,TKKS, Biogas, Bioetanol, Pre-treatment Kimia, Pre-treatment Biologis |
| Subjects: | 300 Social sciences > 338 Production > 338.1 Agriculture |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Doktor Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | soegeng sugeng |
| Date Deposited: | 13 May 2022 07:00 |
| Last Modified: | 13 May 2022 07:00 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/190447 |
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