Pengaruh Kondisi Habitat Perkebunan Kakao Dan Kelimpahan Semut Predator Terhadap Intensitas Serangan Helopeltis sp. (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Bachtiar, Muhamad Ari and Akhmad Rizali, SP., M.Si. (2020) Pengaruh Kondisi Habitat Perkebunan Kakao Dan Kelimpahan Semut Predator Terhadap Intensitas Serangan Helopeltis sp. (Hemiptera: Miridae). Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Tanaman Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan komoditas perkebunan yang mempunyai peranan cukup penting dalam menujang perekonomian Indonesia. Akan tetapi produksi kakao di Indonesia terus mengalami fluktuasi dan cenderung mengalami penurunan. Produksi biji kakao mengalami penurunan drastis dari 557.596 ton pada tahun 2010 menjadi 440.000 ton pada tahun 2011. Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) merupakan hama penting tanaman kakao yang dapat menyebakan penurunan produksi hingga 60%. Pengendalian yang sering diterapkan dilapang adalah penggunaan pestisida kimia, padahal cara pengendalian tersebut dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan. Pengendalian hama dengan memanfaatkan serangga predator merupakan suatu alternatif strategi pengendalian untuk menggantikan peran pestisida kimia. Akan tetapi keanekaragaman predator baik dalam hal kelimpahan dan kepunahan sangat tergantung pada kondisi habitat sekitar. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kondisi habitat perkebunan kakao dan kelimpahan semut predator terhadap intensitas serangan Helopeltis sp. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari – Maret 2020 pada 12 perkebunan kakao di Jawa Timur. Metode yang digunakan dalam survei lapang adalah metode snowball sampling dan metode expert judgement sampling dengan kriteria yaitu memiliki lebih dari 100 tanaman, umur tanaman 3-10 tahun, dan jarak antar lokasi perkebunan lebih dari 2 km. Setiap lokasi penelitian ditentukan plot pengamatan berupa 10 pohon x 10 pohon (sekitar 1200 m2). Letak plot berjarak minimal satu tanaman dari tepi lahan. Pengamatan serangan Helopeltis dilakukan di setiap plot dengan mengamati gejala pada buah kakao setiap bulan selama 3 bulan pengamatan. Kelimpahan semut predator diperoleh dengan metode umpan dan mengambil secara langsung pada 100 pohon. Pengumpulan data pendukung didapat melalui wawancara langsung pada pemilik lahan. Kondisi habitat yang diamati yaitu umur tanaman, tutupan kanopi, suhu, kelembaban, varietas kakao, penggunaan pestisida dan keanekaragaman vegetasi. Perbedaan intensitas serangan antar lokasi penelitian dan kondisi habitat berbeda dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam. Hubungan kondisi habitat meliputi perbedaan umur, persentase kanopi, keanekaragaman vegetasi, dan kelimpahan semut predator terhadap intensitas serangan dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi. Analisis korelasi juga digunakan untuk melihat hubungan tutupan kanopi dengan suhu dan kelembaban. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas serangan Helopeltis sp. pada 12 perkebunan kakao berkisar 12,37% - 42,2% per plot (103,08% - 351,67% per ha). Intensitas serangan tertinggi terdapat di Sukodono (351,67% per ha), sedangkan intensitas serangan terendah terdapat di Krenceng (103,08% per ha) . Kondisi habitat berupa umur tanaman, persentase tutupan kanopi, varietas kakao, penggunaan pestisida dan keanekaragaman vegetasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap intensitas serangan Helopeltis sp. Terdapat empat spesies semut predator yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini yakni Dolichoderus thoracicus, Technomyrmex albipes, Oecophylla smaragdina, dan Anoplolepis gracilipes, akan tetapi kelimpahan empat spesies predator tersebut tidak menunjukkan hubungan terhadap intensitas serangan Helopeltis sp. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan lokasi mempengaruhi intensitas serangan Helopeltis sp., sedangkan perbedaan umur tanaman, persentase kanopi, varietas kakao, penggunaan pestisida keanekaragaman vegetasi dan kelimpahan semut predator tidak mempengaruhi intensitas serangan Helopeltis sp.

English Abstract

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a plantation commodity that has an important role in supporting the Indonesian economy. However, cocoa production in Indonesia continues to experience fluctuations and tends to decline. Production of cocoa beans dropped dramatically from 557,596 tons in 2010 to 440,000 tons in 2011. Helopeltis spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) is one pests of cocoa plants that cause a decrease in production up to 60%. The control that is often applied in the field use chemical pesticides, even though these control methods have a negative impact on health and the environment. Pest control by using predatory insects is an alternative control strategy to replace the role of chemical pesticides. But the diversity of predators in terms of abundance and extinction is very dependent of habitat condition. Therefore this research was conducted to determine the influence of cocoa plantation habitat condition and predatory ant abundance on attack intensity of Helopeltis sp. This research was conducted in January - March 2020 in 12 cocoa plantations in East Java. The method of field survey using snowball sampling method and the expert judgment method, with criteria for plant age of 3-10 years, has more than 100 plants, and the distance between plantation locations at least 2 km. Each study location determined an observation plot of 10 plant x 10 plants (1200m2). Plot located at least one plant from the edge of the land. Observation of Helopeltis sp. attacks was carried out in every plot by observing symptoms on cocoa fruit every month for three months observations. The abudance of predatory ants was obtained by bait method and hand collecting on 100 trees. Collection of supporting data obtained by interview to owner. The observed habitat conditions were plant age, canopy cover, temperature, humidity, cocoa varieties, pesticides, and vegetation diversity. Differences in intensity of attacks between study sites, and different habitat conditions were analyzed using analysis of variance. Relationship between habitat conditions including differences of age, canopy percentage, vegetation diversity, and abudance of predatory ants to attack intensity were analyzed using regression analysis. Correlation analysis also used to see relationship between canopy cover with temperature and humidity. The results showed that the attack intensity of Helopeltis sp. on 12 cocoa plantations ranged from 12,37% - 42,2% (103,08% - 351,67% per ha). The highest attack intensity was in Sukodono (351,67% per ha), while the lowest attack intensity was in Krenceng (103,08% per ha). Habitat conditions such as age of cocoa plant, canopy cover percentage, cocoa varieties, pesticides and vegetation diversity did not affect to attack intensity of Helopeltis sp. There are four species of ant predatory found in this research, namely Dolichoderus thoracicus, Technomyrmex albipes, Oecophylla smaragdina, and Anoplolepis gracilipes, however abudance of predatory ants did not affect to attack intensity of Helopeltis sp. The conclusion of this research is differences location affect the attack intensity of Helopeltis sp., while differences age of cocoa plant canopy percentage, cocoa varieties, pesticides, vegetation diversity and abudance of predatory ants did not affect to attack intensity of Helopeltis sp.

Other obstract

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Item Type:	Thesis (Sarjana)
Identification Number:	0520040018
Subjects:	600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 633 Field and plantation crops > 633.7 Alkaloidal crops > 633.74 Cacao > 633.749 Cacao (Injuries, diseases, pests) > 633.749 7 Cacao (Insect pests) > 633.749 754 Cacao (Heteroptera (True bugs))
Divisions:	Fakultas Pertanian > Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman
Depositing User:	Nur Cholis
Date Deposited:	02 Feb 2021 08:44
Last Modified:	11 Oct 2024 03:40
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/182341

Text Muhamad Ari Bachtiar_165040200111182 - MUHAMAD ARI BACHTIAR.pdf Download (2MB)

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