Asih, Hestin Atas (2019) Dampak Penggunaan Pestisida Pada Tanaman Cabai (Capsicum annum L.) Terhadap Keanekaragaman Arthropoda Tanah pada Lahan dengan Sistem Pertanian Semi Organik Dan Konvensional di Kecamatan Dau Kabupaten Malang. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Kabupaten Malang merupakan salah satu sentra produksi cabai merah di Jawa Timur (Laporan RAPIM Ditjen Hortikultura, 2009). Kebutuhan cabai (Capsicum annum L.) setiap tahunnya semakin tinggi dengan harga yang semakin meningkat, diperkirakan kebutuhan cabai akan terus meningkat, pada tahun 2017 diperkirakan sebesar 2,95 kg/kapita/tahun dan pada tahun 2020 diperkirakan diatas 3,10 kg/kapita/tahun. Produksi cabai pada tahun 2017 sebesar 2,35 juta ton, namun mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2018 sebesar 2,30 juta ton (Kementerian Perdagangan Republik Indonesia. 2019). Penurunan produksi cabai salah satunya disebabkan oleh adanya serangan hama dan penyakit karena dapat menyebabkan kerugian baik kualitas maupun kuantitas cabai, sehingga untuk menanggulangi hal itu petani memilih pestisida sintetik. Khasanah (2004) penggunaan insektisida kimia menyebabkan berkurangnya keanekaragaman artropoda pada pertanaman bawang merah. Menurut Croft (1989) penggunaan pestisida sangat mempengaruhi struktur komunitas artropoda, dan berpengaruh langsung terhadap musuh alami. Penggunaan pestisida sintetik yang berlebihan akan berdampak sangat merugikan secara langsung bagi keanekaragaman arthropoda yang menimbulkan resurgensi dan bahkan serangga lain yang mempunyai fungsi ekologis penting seperti serangga penyerbuk juga ikut punah. Hal senada dikatakan oleh Tarumingkeng (2002), penggunaan pestisida yang sangat kuat dan berspektrum luas yang dilakukan secara meluas dan berlebihan telah mengakibatkan pengaruh yang merusak. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya penelitian untuk mengetahui dampak penggunaan pestisida sintetik terhadap keanekaragaman arthropoda. Penelitian dilakukan pada 2 sistem pertanian yaitu semi organik dan konvensional guna untuk mengetahui perbedaan keanekaragaman arthropodanya. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan sebelum penyiraman dan setelah penyiraman pestisida pada setiap sistem pertanian dengan menggunakan metode pitfall trap sebanyak 10 plot dan 6 kali ulangan jadi total sampel sebanyak 240 sampel. Pada setiap plot dilakukan pengukuran faktor abiotik yaitu suhu tanah, pH tanah, kelembaban udara dan intensitas cahaya. Pemasangan pitfall trap dilakukan selama 24 jam. Data arthropoda yang diperoleh kemudian dilakukan identifikasi sampai tingkat famili. Untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman arthropoda pada sistem pertanian semi organik dan konvensional dilakukan analisis perhitungan Indeks Shanon-Wiener (H’), Indeks Kemerataan (E), Indeks Kekayaan Taksa (TR), Indeks Dominansi (ID), dan Indeks Nilai Penting (INP). Faktor abiotik juga dilakukan analisis mengguanakan Biplot dengan PAST. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis Reapeted Measure ANOVA guna untuk mengetahui dampak perbedaan keanekaragaman arthropodanya pada setiap perlakuan yaitu sistem pertanian sebelum dan sesudah penyemprotan, kemudian sistem pertanian konvensional sebelum dan setelah penyemprotan. Kemudian dilakukan diskusi kelompok terarah atau Focus Group Discussion untuk mengetahui frekuensi penyemprotan dan jenis pestisidanya. Sebelumnya telah dilakukan studi pendahuluan untuk mecari informasi waktu penyemprotan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan kelimpahan lahan semi organik dan konvensional ditemukan total 2023 individu. Jumlah individu di lahan semi organik lebih tinggi bila di bandingkan di lahan konvensional yaitu lahan semi organik sebesar 1175 individu dan lahan konvensional 848 individu. Kemudian keanekaragamana arthropoda rata-rata paling tinggi diperoleh dari lahan semi organik sebelum disemprot yaitu 3,44. Kemudian diikuti lahan semi organik setelah disemprot dengan rata-ratanya 3,20. Selanjutnya lahan konvensional sebelum disemprot rata-ratanya sebesar 2,60. Terakhir lahan konvensional setelah disemprot rata-ratanya sebesar 2,10. Ada kecendurungan nilai arthropoda menurun setelah penyemprotan yaitu pada lahan semi organik setelah penyemprotan mengalami penurunan sebesar 3,6% dan lahan konvensional setelah disemprot mengalami penurunan 10,6%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dampak penggunaan pestisida kimia pada lahan semi organik maupun konvensional dapat menurunkan nilai keanekaragaman athropoda.
English Abstract
Malang Regency is one of the centers of red chili production in East Java (Laporan RAPIM Ditjen Hortikultura, 2009). Needs of chili (Capsicum annum L.) every year is getting higher with increasing prices, it is estimated that the necessity of chili will continue to increase. In 2017 it was estimated to be 2.95 kg/capita / year and in 2020 it is estimated to be above 3.10 kg/capita/year. Chili production in 2017 was 2.35 million tons, but in 2018 it was decreased up to 2.30 million tons (Kementerian Perdagangan Republik Indonesia. 2019). One of the decreases in chili production is caused by pests and diseases because it cause losses in both the quality and quantity of chili, so to overcome this issue, farmers prefer to use synthetic pesticides. Khasanah (2004) explained that the use of chemical insecticides caused a reduction in the diversity of arthropods in onion cultivation. According to Croft (1989), the use of pesticides greatly affects the structure of the arthropod community and directly influences natural enemies. Excessive use of synthetic pesticides will have a very detrimental effect on the diversity of arthropods that cause resurgence and even other insects that have important ecological functions such as pollinating insects. The same thing was explained by Tarumingkeng (2002), the use of pesticides that are very strong and broad-spectrum which is widespread and excessive has resulted in damaging effects. Therefore, research be required to determine the impact of the use of synthetic pesticides on arthropod diversity. The study was conducted on 2 agricultural systems, semi-organic and conventional to determine differences in arthropod diversity. Sampling was carried out before watering and after watering pesticides in each agricultural system by using the 10 plot pith fall trap method and 6 replications, total sample was 240. Abiotic factors were measured in each plot, which is soil temperature, soil pH, air humidity and light intensity. Pith fall trap installation was carried out for 24 hours. Arthropod data obtained were then identified to the family level. To determine the diversity of arthropods in semi-organic and conventional farming systems, Shanon-Wiener Index (H '), Evenness Index (E), Taxation Index (TR), Dominance Index (ID) and Important Value Index (INP) were calculated. Abiotic factors were also analyzed using Biplot with PAST. Furthermore, an analysis of Repeated Measure ANOVA was carried out to determine the impact of the diversity of arthropod diversity on each treatment, it was agricultural system before and after spraying, then the conventional farming system before and after spraying. Then a focus group discussion or Focus Group Discussion was conducted to find out the frequency of spraying and the type of pesticide. Previously, a preliminary study was conducted to find the information on the time of spraying. The results of this study indicate an abundance of semi-organic and conventional land found in a total of 2023 individuals. The number of individuals in semi-organic land is higher compared to conventional land, it was found 1175 individuals in semi-organic land and 848 individuals in conventional land. Then the highest average diversity of arthropods was obtained from semi-organic land before spraying at 3.44, then followed by semi-organic fields after spraying with an average of 3.20. Furthermore conventional land before being sprayed averaged 2.60. Finally, conventional land after being sprayed is an average of 2.10. There was a tendency for arthropods to decrease after spraying, in semi-organic fields after spraying it decreased by 3.6% and conventional land after spraying decreased by 10.6%. This shows that the impact of the use of chemical pesticides on semi-organic and conventional land can reduce the value of arthropod diversity.
Other obstract
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| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | TES/632.950 42/ASI/d/2019/041911414 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | PESTICIDES--ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS, CAPSICUM ANNUUM, ARTHROPODA |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 632 Plant injuries, diseases, pests > 632.9 General topics of pest and disease control > 632.95 Pesticides > 632.950 4 Special topics of pesticides > 632.950 42 Undesired effects and their control |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Biologi, Fakultas MIPA |
| Depositing User: | Budi Wahyono Wahyono |
| Date Deposited: | 06 Jan 2020 06:44 |
| Last Modified: | 25 Oct 2021 04:16 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/177562 |
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