Suplementasi Asam Amino Lisin Dan Metionin Yang Terproteksi Dengan Konden Tanin Pada Ransum Terhadap Produktifitas Kambing Perah

Mashudi, - (2014) Suplementasi Asam Amino Lisin Dan Metionin Yang Terproteksi Dengan Konden Tanin Pada Ransum Terhadap Produktifitas Kambing Perah. Doktor thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.

Abstract

Kualitas hijauan di Indonesia, sebagai sumber pakan kambing perah tidak bisa diandalkan. Untuk menutupi kekurangan nutrien dari pakan basal hijauan tersebut ternak perah sering diberi konsentrat sebagai suplemen sumber energy dan protein, namun demikian produktifitas ternak perah masih saja tetap rendah. Oleh karena itu perlu perbaikan pakan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pasokan nutrien di dalam darah menuju kelenjar ambing. Ternak perah khususnya yang berproduksi susu tinggi menuntut pasokan protein yang tinggi, sementara itu suplai protein dari mikroba rumen ( Rumen Degradable Protein ; RDP) saja tidak dapat mencukupi kebutuhan asam amino ternak. Dalam dekade terakhir ini, rasio RDP:UDP masih dianggap kurang efisien dan efektif, sehingga NRC (2001) merekomendasikan bahwa untuk formulasi pakan ternak perah hendaknya berbasis asam amino yang mudah terserap di dalam usus halus dan yang cocok untuk kebutuhan sintesis jaringan susu. Asam amino yang merupakan asam amino pembatas untuk produksi susu pada sapi, domba dan kambing laktasi adalah lisin dan metionin. Umumnya pakan defisien asam amino lisin dan metionin. Pakan berbasis asam amino lisin dan metionin dapat meningkatkan produktifitas ternak, efisiensi produksi dan kualitas susu, disamping itu juga dapat mengurangi efek gas rumah kaca dengan menurunnya N feses dan urin ke lingkungan. Namun demikian, kedua asam amino ini apabila diberikan lewat pakan mudah terdegradasi di dalam rumen, sehingga bila pemberian kedua asam amino pembatas tersebut lewat pakan memberi manfaat kurang maksimal. Banyak usaha dan metode dilakukan untuk melindungi lisin dan metionin dari degradasi mikroba rumen dan hasilnya dapat meningkatkan produktifitas ternak. Berkenaan dengan bahan pelindung, sampai saat ini belum ditemukan literature yang melaporkan penggunaan Konden Tanin (KT) sebagai pelindung asam amino dari perombakan mikroba rumen, baik pada sapi, domba maupun kambing. KT dengan kadar yang optimal memilki potensi dapat melindungi asam amino dari perombakan miroba rumen, dan banyak penelitian menunjukkan efek positif dari KT dalam produksi ternak ruminansia. KT adalah senyawa phenol yang mampu membentuk ikatan kompleks yang kuat dengan protein pada suasana keasaman yang sesuai. Berdasarkan hal tersebut diatas telah dilakukan penelitian dengan focus utama pembuatan suplemen lisin dan metionin terproteksi dengan menggunakan bahan pelindung KT yang diuji pada kambing perah. Pada awal kajian dilakukan penelitian pendahuluan yaitu uji kimia kualitatif untuk melihat apakah akan terjadi ikatan kimia antara KT dengan lisin, metionin dan campuran lsin dan metionin (Lis-Met) pada larutan pH netral (kondisi rumen) dan apakah ikatan itu akan lepas pada larutan pH asam (kondisi pasca rumen) dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV Vis . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: 1). Membuktikan adanya ikatan kimia antara Lis-Met dengan KT pada larutan pH netral (pH=7), dan membuktikan tidak adanya ikatan kimia pada larutan pH asam (pH 2-3) . 2). Memperoleh keluaran berupa produk suplemen ”Lis-Met-KT” yang memilki nilai nutrisi tinggi ditinjau dari uji produksi gas secara in vitro . 3). Memperoleh keluaran berupa produk suplemen ”Lis-Met-KT” yang memilki pengaruh maksimal terhadap produksi ternak kambing perah laktasi Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut telah dilakukan penelitian dalam 3 tahap, yaitu: Tahap 1 : Pengaruh KT terhadap pembentukan ikatan kimia antara lisin, metionin dan Lis-Met dengan KT pada larutan pH netral (pH=7) dan pH asam (pH=2-3) ditinjau dari profil spektra dengan uji kualitatif menggunakan spektrofotometer UV Vis. Tahap 2 : Pengaruh suplementasi Lis-Met yang dilindungi dengan KT pada Pakan Lengkap (PL) terhadap produk fermentasi melalui uji produksi gas in vitro. Tahap 3: Pengaruh pemberian suplemen Lis-Met yang dilindungi dengan KT ( “Lis-Met-KT”) pada pakan terhadap produktifitas ternak kambing perah laktasi. Materi dan metode untuk masing-masing percobaan adalah sebagai berikut: Penelitian tahap 1, materi yang digunakan adalah: L-lysine Monohydrochloride (99% lysine, Cheil Jeddang Indonesia company), DLMethionine (99 % methionine, Degussa Company, Du¨ sseldorf, Germany), Mimosa Bark Extract (MBE) powder (Product of South Africa) , aquades, larutan asam HCl dan alat Spektrofotomete r UV Vis. Penelitian tahap 1 ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya ikatan kimia antara KT dengan lisin, KT dengan metionin dan KT dengan Lis-Met baik pada larutan pH netral maupun asam diukur dengan spektrofotometer UV Vis berdasarkan pergeseran panjang gelombang, sedangkan intensitas kekuatan ikatan digambarkan dengan nilai absorbansi. Rasio antara lisin dan metionin sesuai dengan pedoman NRC (2001) yaitu 3 : 1, sedangkan level KT sesuai petunjuk dengan Barry and Forss (1983) sehingga level KT terhadap asam amino berkisar antara 6% sampai 10%. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode percobaan kualitatif menggunakan 2 bahan asam amino dan campuran keduanya. Setiap bahan mengalami tiga (3) level perlakuan proteksi dengan menggunakan KT dari ekstrak Mimosa. Perlakuan penelitian untuk larutan pH netral dan pH asam adalah sebagai berikut : P1= Lisin+ 6% KT; P2=Lisin+8% KT ; P3=Lisin+ 10% KT; P4= Metionin+ 6% KT; P5= Metionin+ 8% KT; P6= Metionin+10%KT; P7=(3Lis+1Met)+6% KT; P8=(3Lis+1Met)+8% KT; P9=(3Lis+1Met)+10% KT. Profil spektra lisin, metionin dan Lis-Met dengan berbagai level KT, diamati dengan cara masing-masing dari lisin, metionin dan Lis-Met sebelumnya dimasukkan ke dalam aquades (pH netral) dan ke dalam HCl (pH asam) dengan konsentrasi sebesar 500 ppm. Pertama-tama menimbang sampel (lisin+KT, metionin+KT dan Lis-Met+KT) masing-masing sebesar 25

English Abstract

The quality of forage in Indonesia, as a source of fodder for dairy ruminant is unreliable. While to cover the lack of nutrients obtained from the forage basal feed, dairy ruminats are often fed concentrate as a source of energy and protein. However, the productivity of dairy ruminant still remains low. It is therefore necessary to have such improve on feed which is primarily aimed at improving the supply of nutrients in the blood to the mammary gland. Dairy ruminants with high milk production in particularly requires extra high protein, while the supply of microbial protein from rumen (RDP) alone can not meet the needs of livestock toward amino acids. In the last decade, the ratio of RDP: UDP is still considered to be less efficient and effective, so that the NRC (2001) recommended that formulation of dairy ruminants ration should be based on amino acids which are easily absorbed and suitable for fulfilling the needs of synthesis milk tissues. Two amino acids which are the limiting amino acids for milk production in cows, sheep and lactating goats are lysine and methionine. Compared with the amino acid profile of milk, mostly feed are deficient in lysine and methionine. Ration based amino acids lysine and methionine could improve animal productivity, efficiency of milk production and its quality. However, both of these amino acids when given through ration tend to be degraded in the rumen. Thereby giving both limiting amino acids through ration is less beneficial. There have been many efforts and methods made to protect lysine and methionine from being degraded by microbial rumen and the results show that those can improve the productivity of dairy ruminant. Concerning as the protector, there has not been found literature that reported the use of Conden Tannin (CT) as a reliable protector of amino acids from being degraded by the rumen microbes even in cattle, sheep and goats. Whereas the use of CT with optimal level has potential to protect amino acids from the rumen mirobial degradation, and many studies have shown the positive effects of CT on ruminant production. As it is known that tannins, especially CT is phenol compound that is capable of forming a strong complex bond with protein under appropriate condition. Based on the above description, it has been conducted a research with the primary focus on making a supplement of lysine and methionine protected by CT which will be tested in dairy goats. The study was initiated by the preliminary research to get qualitative chemical information in order to investigate two aspects: Firstly, whether there is chemical bond between CT and lysine or methionine on the neutral pH solution (rumen conditions) and secondly, whether the bond will be separated on the acidic pH solution (post-ruminal conditions) by using a UV Vis spectrophotometer. The objectives of this study were 1) To prove whether there is a chemical bond between Lis-Met compound and CT at neutralpH solution (pH:7) and chemically unbounded Lis-Met-CT at acidic-pH solution (pH : 2-3), based on the spectra pofile using UV Vis spectrophotometer test; 2) To obtain supplement product namely ‘Lys-Met-CT’ with high nutritive quality which is based on in vitro gas production test; 3) To obtain supplement product namely ‘Lys-Met-CT’ that could give maximum response on lactating dairy goat productivity. To achieve these objectives, it has been conducted three phases sequent experiments. The 1st phase consisted of two experiments. The first is the effect of CT on the formation of lysine / methionine-KT chemical complex bonds at neutral pH solution (pH = 7) in terms of spectrum profiles using UV Vis spectrophotometer. The second is the effect of CT on the separation of lysine / methionine-KT chemical complex bonds at acidic pH solution (pH = 2) in terms of spectrum profiles using UV Vis spectrophotometer. The 2nd phase focused on the effect of supplementary lysine and methionine protected by CT on Completed Feed (CF), based on in vitro gas production parameter. The 3rd phase is about the effect of supplementary lysine and methionine protected by CT from being degraded by rumen microbes on the productivity of dairy goats The materials and methods applied on this study varied for each phase. The 1st phase which consisted of two experiments involved the following materials: L-lysine monohydrochloride (99% lysine, Cheil Jeddang Indonesian company), DL-Methionine (99% methionine, Degussa Company, Du ¨ sseldorf, Germany), Mimosa Bark Extract (MBE) powder (Product of South Africa), Neutral solutions: distilled water (for the 1st experiment), HCl acid solution and the means of UV Vis spectrophotometer (for the2nd experiment). Research method used in this phase is laboratory experiment which was to determine the presence of chemical bonds between lysine and CT; methionine and CT; and Lys-Met-CT either at neutral pH solution or acidic pH solution. Measuring this parameter was based on the wavelength shift showed by UV Vis spectrophotometer, whereas the intensity of the bond strength was described by their absorbance value. The ratio of lysine and methionine used in this study was in accordance with NRC guidelines (2001), 3: 1. Whereas the level of CT was in line with Barry and Forss guidelines (1983), from 6% to 10%. The qualitative experiment using two amino acids and a mixture of both was conducted in this phase. Each material experienced three (3) levels of CT used as protector. The treatments on both experiments are alike but different in pH solution : P1 = Lysine + 6% CT; P2 = Lysine + 8% CT; P3 = Lysine + 10% CT; P4 = Methionine + 6% CT; P5 = Methionine + 8% of CT; P6 = Methionine +10% CT; P7 = (3Lys +1 Met) +6% CT; P8 = (3Lys +1 Met) +8% CT; P9 = (3Lys +1 Met) +10% CT. Before observing the spectrum profile of lysine, methionine, and Lys-Met with various levels of CT, preparation of making a 500 ppm solution of lysine, methionine, and mixed Lys+Met+CT was done by weighing each of these materials about 25 mg in a neutral solution (distilled water; pH = 7). Then, they were soaked for 24 hours to get their spectrum profile using UV Vis spectrophotometer. The variables measured were: 1). Spectrum profile which was depicted as the curve recorded on UV Vis spectrophotometer (the binding and release of the bond, by looking at a shift in wavelength), 2). Absorbance value (amount of bond between amino acids and CT). The data obtained from this phase will be tested descriptively, while their absorbance values were analyzed using randomized block design. If the difference between the treatments showed the (very) significant differences, itwill be further examined by Duncan s test. Materials used in the 2nd phase of the study were: L-lysine monohydrochloride (99% lysine, Cheil Jeddang Indonesian company), DLMethionine (99% methionine, Degussa Company, Dusseldorf, Germany), Mimosa Bark Extract (MBE) powder (Product of South Africa), and Completed Feed made of maize stover as a fiber source and a concentrate. The research method used in this phase was a laboratory experiment which involved the following materials : Completed Feed (CF) consisted of concentrate and maize stover as a source of fiber (50:50 in DM) with a content of 18.00% CP. Mixture of Lys-Met-CT was prepared as

Item Type:	Thesis (Doktor)
Identification Number:	DIS/636.390 852/MAS/s/2014/061503978
Subjects:	600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 636 Animal husbandry > 636.3 Sheep and goats
Divisions:	S2/S3 > Doktor Ilmu Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan
Depositing User:	Sugiantoro
Date Deposited:	18 Aug 2015 09:31
Last Modified:	13 Apr 2022 06:24
URI:	http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/160565

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