Putri, DesyFadilahAdina (2012) Evaluasi Kualitas Biodiversitas pada Sawah Padi Intensif Semiorganik di Kecamatan Dampit, Kepanjen dan Lawang, Kabupaten Malang. Magister thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Beras merupakan makanan pokok lebih dari 90% masyarakat Indonesia dan pada umumnya berasal dari pengelolaan sawah padi konvensional. Dalam usaha produksi padi sawah tersebut, saat ini telah terjadi penurunan kualitas dan kesehatan lahan, terutama ditandai oleh kerusakan fisik, kimiawi, dan penurunan biodiversitas. Hal ini memunculkan kekhawatiran segolongan masyarakat akan terjadinya gangguan keamanan pangan dan kesehatan masyarakat serta lingkungan. Untuk itu, pemerintah mencanangkan Program Indonesia Sehat 2025. Diperlukan adanya recovery agroekosistem tersebut sehingga produk pertanian aman dan berkualitas. Petani sawah padi di Kecamatan Dampit, Kepanjen, dan Lawang Kabupaten Malang menggunakan pupuk sintetis 25% sehingga menjadi sawah semiorganik. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, maka tujuan penelitian ini, 1) Menentukan profil kualitas tanah, air sawah, iklim pada sawah padi intensif semiorganik dan konvensional; 2) Menentukan perbedaan diversitas hewan, biomassa tumbuhan liar, dan C-stock padi pada sawah padi intensif semiorganik dan konvensional; 3) Menentukan keunggulan, kelemahan, dan analisis permasalahan pengelolaan sawah padi intensif semiorganik dibandingkan dengan sawah organik; dan 4) Menyusun rekomendasi pengembangan sawah padi intensif semiorganik sebagai habitat biodiversitas bagi pembangunan pertanian berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Dampit, Kepanjen, dan Lawang, Kab. Malang. Manfaat penelitian ini menambah pengetahuan, melengkapi data ilmu pengetahuan, memberi informasi pada masyarakat dan petani tentang pentingnya menjaga ekosistem, dan dapat memenuhi program pemerintah. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada sawah padi intensif semiorganik dan konvensional di Kecamatan Dampit, Kepanjen, dan Lawang, Kabupaten Malang pada bulan Oktober 2011 - Maret 2012. Makrofauna dan mesofauna tanah serta tumbuhan liar hasil pencuplikan diidentifikasi di Laboratorium Ekologi dan Diversitas Hewan, Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Brawijaya Malang. Data kondisi iklim (curah hujan, intensitas penyinaran dan suhu) bulanan diperoleh dari Badan Meteorologi Karangkates dan Karangploso, Kabupaten Malang. Sampling fauna tanah dilakukan dengan metode pit fall trap dan handsortir pada saat umur padi 100 hari setelah semai. Pada saat yang sama, dilakukan pengamatan tumbuhan liar, C-stock padi dengan metode kuadrat ukuran 1x1 m 2 . Pengamatan faktor abiotik air sawah (pH, konduktivitas, TDS, TSS, dan salinitas) pada saat umur padi 12-40, 45-80 hari dan tanah (pH, konduktivitas, berat isi, BOT, KTK) diukur pada saat umur padi 100 hari setelah semai. Data diversitas fauna tanah ditabulasi, dikompilasi dan dianalisis dengan indeks Shannon-Wiener dan statistik deskriptif. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan struktur komunitas dilakukan uji beda dengan indeks kesamaan Morisita, analisis multivariat dengan kluster dan biplot. Selanjutnya kualitas biodiversitas di kedua sawah dilakukan gap analysis dengan sawah organik, dilanjutkan dengan SWOT analysis untuk pengembangan sawah semiorganik menjadi ekosistem pertanian berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air pada sawah semiorganik di ketiga lokasi bervariasi sesuai umur padi dengan pH cenderung basa 6-9, konduktivitas memenuhi standar mutu 100-2000 μS.cm -1 , TDS 450 mg.L -1 , dan salinitas 0. Selain itu, nilai TSS 50 mg.L -1 dan semakin tinggi umur padi nilainya semakin menurun, kecuali di Kecamatan Dampit. Kualitas tanah sawah serupa pada kedua sawah, pH cenderung netral 6-7, berat isi tanah rendah 1,0 g.cm -3 , BOT tinggi 5 %, dan KTK optimal. Evaluasi kualitas diversitas spesies fauna tanah lebih tepat menggunakan metode handsortir dibandingkan pitfall trap . Diversitas dan struktur fauna tanah epigeon aktif permukaan tanah untuk kedua sawah serupa dengan kesamaan 96%, sebaliknya fauna tanah eudafon kedua sawah berbeda dengan kesamaan 40%. Fauna tanah epigeon didominasi oleh Hymenoptera (Formicidae) dan Collembola (Isotomidae). Diversitas fauna tanah eudafon didominasi oleh Lumbricidae pada sawah semiorganik. Stok karbon padi pada sawah semiorganik lebih tinggi dibandingkan sawah konvensional, sebaliknya biomassa tumbuhan liar di sawah konvensional lebih banyak. Sawah semiorganik lebih unggul dengan indikasi sawah memberikan kualitas diversitas ekosistem dan habitat lebih baik, produk berkualitas dan ramah lingkungan, efisiensi sumber daya, dan petani mandiri dalam memilih tanaman budidaya. Akan tetapi, sawah semiorganik belum memenuhi standar sawah organik karena berdampingan dengan sawah konvensional, sehingga sumber irigasi juga terkontaminasi limbah domestik, residu pupuk dan pestisida sintetik, serta rotasi tanaman masih kurang. Untuk itu, perlu ditingkatkan sinergi dengan pihak terkait untuk meningkatkan partisipasi petani dalam mewujudkan sistem produksi padi yang sehat dengan teknologi produksi padi yang sesuai terutama penyediaan air irigasi, pupuk dan pengendalian hama penyakit yang berkualitas. Selain itu, pasar produk semiorganik masih terbatas walaupun harga tidak terpaut jauh dengan produk sawah konvensional. Oleh karena itu, sawah padi semiorganik perlu dikembangkan sebagai ekosistem pertanian berkelanjutan dengan fokus perbaikan pada pemantauan kualitas air irigasi, penerapan sawah padi tumpangsari dan rotasi tanaman.
English Abstract
Rice is staple food for more than 90% of Indonesian people and produced by conventional rice field system. Due to intensive application of synthetic pesticides and fertilizer, the agroecosystem health of the field decreased, especially shown by physical, chemical, and biodiversity characters. This problem degrades environmental health and disturbed food security as well. Therefore, the government released a Healthy Indonesian program for 2025. It is a necessary to recovery effort to improve agroecosytem performance to be more eco-friendly and produce safe agricultural products. Rice farmers in Dampit, Kepanjen, and Lawang sub-districts, Malang Regency still use 25% synthetic fertilizer but no pesticides one, then we called them the semiorganic rice fields. Based on the above background, the objectives of this study were then: 1) comparing the quality of soil, rice-field water, and microclimate between intensive semiorganic and conventional rice fields; 2) comparing soil fauna diversity, wild plant biomass, and rice C-stock in both fields; 3) determining strengths, weaknesses, and problems analysis faced in intensive semiorganic compared to organic rice fields; and 4) Developing some recommendations to improve performance of intensive semiorganic rice fields as biodiversity habitat and sustainable agriculture Malang Regency. The outcomes of this research will improve understanding of agroecosystem recovery, complete database, provide new information of importance of maintaining ecosystems integrity, and support the governments program. The research was conducted on intensive semiorganic and conventional in Dampit, Kepanjen, and Lawang sub-districts in Malang Regency on October 2011 to March 2012. Soil macrofauna, mesofauna and wild plants were sampled and identified in the Ecology and Animal Diversity Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UB Malang. Monthly microclimate record for rainfall, temperature and irradiation intensity were gathered from the Bureau of Meteorology Karangkates and Karangploso, Malang Regency. In each fields, we observed soil fauna diversity by pitfall trap and handsortir methods when rice was 100 days old after planting. While wild plants and rice C-stock were observed by quadratic methods used square of 1x1 m 2 . At the site, we also measured soil pH, electric conductivity (EC), density, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity. However, rice-field water analysis including pH, conductivity, TDS, TSS, and salinity were recorded on 12-40 days and 45-80 days after planting. Data were tabulated, compiled and analyzed by Shannon-wiener index to know soil fauna diversity, while profile of community structure of soil fauna was multivariately analyzed using by cluster analysis based on Morisita similarity index and biplot analysis. We also used gap analysis to compare semiorganic and conventional fields with organic one. It was then followed by a SWOT analysis for further development of semiorganic rice fields as sustainable agriculture ecosystems. Research results showed that rice-fields water quality at three semiorganic rice fields varied depended on rice-age, but it was still meet standard: pH 6.0 to 9.0, EC 100 to 2000 μS.cm -1 , TDS 450 mg.L -1 , and salinity 0. The value of TSS reached 50 mg.L -1 and tends to decrease as rice-age, except in Dampit sub-district. Rice soil quality was similar in both fields; soil pH maintained to neutral value 6-7, low density 1 g.cm -3 , high soil organic matter 5 %, and optimum cation exchange capacity. Evaluation diversity quality of the soil fauna species was better using handsortir rather than pitfall trap. Diversity and community structure of epigeon fauna in both fields were similar and the similarity index was 96%; conversely eudafon fauna were different shown by the similarity index was 40%. Epigeon fauna was dominated by Hymenoptera (Formicidae) and Collembola (Isotomidae). Eudafon fauna diversity in semiorganic rice fields was dominated by Lumbricidae. Rice C-stock in semiorganic fields was higher than conventional fields, but biomass wild plant in this field was higher, except in Kepanjen sub-district. Semiorganic rice fields were more superior indicated by better quality of ecosystem, habitat, yields and more environmental friendly, resource efficiency, also autonomous farmer in selecting crops. But, now semiorganic rice fields do not accomplish the organic rice standard, caused by irrigation water contaminated domestic waste, synthetic pesticides and fertilizer residue. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the synergy among stakeholders to enhance farmers` participation to produce better and healthy rice grains. Besides, it will be profitable if farmer apply appropriate agrotechnologies especially to improve provision of irrigation water, fertilizer and pest disease control. The semiorganic rice was still limitedly marketed and not yet competitive even though their low price. Therefore, semiorganic rice fields need to be developed as a sustainable agricultural ecosystem and improvement should be focused on quality of irrigation water, intercropping rice fields, diversely crop rotation, and better rice-field water level management.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Magister) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | TES/333.951 6/PUT/e/041204228 |
| Subjects: | 300 Social sciences > 333 Economics of land and energy > 333.9 Other natural resources |
| Divisions: | S2/S3 > Magister Matematika, Fakultas MIPA |
| Depositing User: | Endro Setyobudi |
| Date Deposited: | 20 Dec 2012 11:58 |
| Last Modified: | 20 Dec 2012 11:58 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/155870 |
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