Purnamasari, FesthyaRytha (2014) Seleksi Calon Tetua Galur Mandul Jantan (F1) Padi Hibrida (Oryza Sativa L.) Terhadap Sterilitas Polen Dan Ketahanan Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri (Xanthomonas Oryzae). Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Produksi padi nasional harus ditingkatkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan di masa yang akan datang, mengingat padi merupakan sumber karbohidrat utama yang dikonsumsi oleh penduduk Indonesia. Jumlah penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 2015 dan 2020 diprediksikan akan mencapai 249 juta dan 263 juta jiwa (BPS, 2012). Penggunaan padi hibrida merupakan salah satu upaya yang dapat dicapai untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan, dikarenakan padi hibrida berpotensi meningkatkan hasil panen 15% – 20%. Perakitan varietas padi hibrida dapat menggunakan tiga galur yang terdiri atas tiga komponen galur pembentukannya yaitu galur mandul jantan (GMJ), galur pelestari dan galur pemulih kesuburan (Suwarno et al., 2002). Galur mandul jantan harus memiliki laju persilangan alami tinggi, sterilitas tepung sari 100% dan stabil. Sterilitas galur mandul jantan bisa dikatakan merupakan dasar program pemuliaan hibrida. Varietas padi hibrida yang dirakit dengan menggunakan sistem tiga galur dilaporkan rentan terhadap hama dan penyakit utama seperti wereng coklat, virus tungro, dan hawar daun bakteri. Kerugian pada beberapa lahan yang terinfeksi hawar daun bakteri mencapai sekitar 20% - 30% dan bisa mencapai hingga 50% (Evenson et al., 1996). Penggunaan varietas tahan dalam menanggulangi penyakit hawar masih terus dikembangkan karena cukup efektif dan efisien, aman, murah dan tidak mencemari lingkungan (Sastrahidayat, 2011). Calon tetua galur mandul jantan (F1) yang diduga memiliki gen tahan hawar daun bakteri merupakan hasil persilangan galur mandul jantan (P1) dengan P2. Tetua jantan (P2) merupakan hasil seleksi marker SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) sehingga diperoleh tetua jantan yang memiliki gen tahan hawar daun bakteri. Untuk itu, ketahanan calon tetua galur mandul jantan (F1) terhadap hawar daun bakteri di lapang perlu diuji dan diseleksi lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui sterilitas polen galur F1 dan karakter galur F1 serta (2) mengetahui ketahanan galur F1 terhadap penyakit hawar daun bakteri. Hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini ialah (1) diduga terdapat beberapa galur F1 hasil seleksi yang memiliki tingkat sterilitas polen 100% dengan karakter polen berwarna putih dan posisi malai di bawah pelepah daun bendera serta (2) diduga terdapat beberapa galur F1 hasil seleksi yang tahan terhadap penyakit hawar daun bakteri. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari 2013 sampai bulan Mei 2013. Penelitian dilakukan di lahan riset PT. DuPont Indonesia (Pioneer) yang berada di desa Ngijo, Kecamatan Karangploso, Kabupaten Malang. Ketinggian tempat + 450 m dpl. Pada bulan Februari – Mei tercatat rata–rata suhu udara berkisar 24,20 oC – 31,75 oC, curah hujan berkisar 301 – 400 mm dengan kelembaban berkisar 74% – 94%. Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah alat bajak, garu, cangkul, mikroskop, preparat, pinset, gunting, alat tulis, kamera. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan antara lain pupuk urea 300 kg/Ha, KCl 100 kg/Ha dan SP36 150 kg/Ha; larutan Iodine Kalium Iodide (I2KI); 106 calon tetua galur mandul jantan F1 (galur 13CCMS001A – 13CCMS108A) yang diduga memiliki gen tahan hawar daun bakteri, yaitu Xa3, Xa7, Xa21 dan Xa26. Tiga varietas pembanding yang digunakan sebagai cek, yaitu varietas peka hawar daun bakteri (IR64) dan varietas tahan hawar daun bakteri (IRBB21 dan IRBB7). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode rancangan Augmented Design yang terdiri dari 6 blok acak. Tiap blok terdiri atas 19 plot percobaan, yaitu 18 plot galur F1 dan 1 plot cek (terdiri atas 3 varietas pembanding). Pengamatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan 5 sampel tanaman. Perbedaan rata–rata antar galur dan kultivar pembanding didasarkan pada hasil uji LSI (Least Significant Increase) pada taraf 5%. Parameter pengamatan meliputi : (1) Sterilitas polen diamati menggunakan mikroskop pada perbesaran 10 x 10, setelah serbuk sari diwarnai dengan larutan Iodine Kalium Iodide (I2KI) 1%. Pengamatan serbuk sari dilakukan sesuai klasifikasi polen yang dinyatakan steril atau fertil; (2) pengamatan karakter yang dilakukan yaitu pengamatan warna polen dan posisi malai dari helai pelepah daun bendera; (3) skoring serangan penyakit hawar daun bakteri, dilakukan 3 minggu setelah inokulasi dengan cara menilai/skoring luas gejala infeksi penyakit berdasarkan Standar Evaluation System (IRRI, 1996); dan (4) intensitas serangan penyakit hawar daun bakteri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari hasil uji LSI diperoleh 25 galur F1 hasil seleksi terhadap skoring serangan penyakit hawar daun bakteri dan diperoleh 27 galur F1 hasil seleksi terhadap intensitas serangan penyakit hawar daun bakteri. Dari hasil uji sterilitas polen 100% secara mikroskopis, diperoleh ada 49 galur F1 steril. Polen yang steril memiliki bentuk bulat sempurna dengan warna jernih tidak terwarnai oleh I2KI jika diamati secara mikroskopis. Galur dengan sterilitas polen 100% umumnya memiliki karakter polen berwarna putih dan putih kekuningan dengan posisi malai di bawah pelepah daun bendera. Berdasarkan hasil seleksi terhadap sterilitas polen 100%, skoring dan intensitas ketahanan terhadap penyakit hawar daun bakteri, diperoleh 14 galur F1 terpilih hasil seleksi. Diperlukan pengamatan terhadap kemampuan galur F1 dalam menghasilkan bulir padi untuk mengetahui kesempurnaan mandul jantan sehingga bisa digunakan sebagai tetua mandul jantan dalam proses pemuliaan selanjutnya.
English Abstract
National rice production must be improved to sufficient food needs in the future, considering rice is the main source of carbohydrate consumed by indonesian population. The number of indonesian population in the year 2015 and 2020 is predicted to reach 249 million and 263 million peoples (BPS, 2012). The use of hybrid rice was one effort that can be attained to sufficient the needs of food, because hybrid rice potentially increase crop yield 15% – 20%. To develop hybrid rice varieties can use three lines comprising three components namely cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS), maintainer lines and restorer lines (Suwarno et al., 2002). The cytoplasmic male sterile must have a high rate of natural crosses, 100% pollen sterility and stable. The cytoplasmic male sterile consider as the basic of hybrid breeding program. Hybrid rice varieties that developed by using three lines system was reported susceptible to pests and diseases such as brown plant hopper, tungro, and bacterial leaf blight. Losses on some land which is infected by bacterial leaf blight reached approximately 20% – 30% and can reach up to 50% (Evenson et al., 1996). The use of resistant varieties in tackling bacterial leaf blight still continue to be developed because it is quite effective and efficient, safe, cheap and does not pollute the environment (Sastrahidayat, 2011). The parent candidate of cytoplasmic male sterile line (F1) which allegedly has a resistant gene to bacterial leaf blight is the result of a cross between a cytoplasmic male sterile lines (P1) and P2 lines. The male parent (P2) is the result of selection marker SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) so the parent have obtained a gene resistant of bacterial leaf blight. Therefore, the resistant of the parent candidate cytoplasmic male sterile lines (F1) against bacterial leaf blight in the field need to be further tested and selected. This research aimed to (1) determine F1 lines pollen sterility and F1 characteristic and then (2) determine F1 lines that resistant to bacterial leaf blight. The hypothesis are (1) alleged there was F1 lines which have 100% pollen sterility with the characters white pollen colour and the grains position was under the leaf flag and (2) alleged there was some F1 lines of selection result that resistant to bacterial leaf blight. This research was conducted in February 2013 until May 2013 on experimental field of PT DuPont Indonesia (Pioneer), in Ngijo village, Karangploso district, Malang. The altitude is + 450 m above sea level. The temperature mean in February – May was recorded above 24,20 oC – 31,75 oC, the rainfall above 301 – 400 mm with moisture ranges above 74% – 94%. The tools had used in this research namely plowing tools, rakes, hoes, microscope, glass plates, pincers, scissors, stationery, and camera. The materials used namely 300 kg/Ha urea fertilizer, 100 kg/Ha KCl and 150 kg/Ha SP36; Iodine Kalium Iodide (I2KI) solution; 106 parent candidate of F1 CMS lines (13CCMS001A – 13CCMS108A lines) that allegedly have bacterial leaf blight resistance gene, such as Xa3, Xa7, Xa21, and Xa26. Three check varieties was used include susceptible varieties of bacterial leaf blight (IR64) and resistance varieties of bacterial leaf blight (IRBB21 and IRBB7). This research was used Augmented Experimental Design consist of 6 randomize blocks. There are 19 plots on each block, consist of 18 plots F1 line and 1 check plot (consist of 3 check varieties). The observations were made using 5 samples. The line average value and control varieties value was calculated using LSI (Least Significant Increase) at 5% level. The observations made to (1) pollen sterility was observed using a microscope with 10 x 10 magnification, after which the pollen colored with 1% solution of Iodine Kalium Iodide (I2KI). The pollen observation was carried out according to the classification of pollen sterile or fertil stated; (2) the character observation for pollen colour and panicle position from the flag leaf; (3) scoring for the infection symptoms of bacterial leaf blight, it was done 3 weeks after inoculation based on the Standard Evaluation System (IRRI, 1996); and (4) bacterial leaf blight attack intensity. The LSI test results was obtained 25 F1 lines selection result for scoring disease attack of bacterial leaf blight and retrieved 27 F1 lines selection result against bacterial leaf blight attack intensity. Based on pollen sterility test results, was obtained 49 F1 sterile lines. The sterile pollen has a perfect round shape with unstained pollen that coloring with I2KI by observed microscopically. Generally, F1 lines with 100% pollen sterility have the characters white and yellowish white pollen colour with the grains position are under the leaf flag. Based on the selection results of 100% pollen sterility, scoring and intensity of bacterial leaf blight resistant, was obtained 14 selected F1 lines. There is need the observation for F1 lines ability on produce rice grains to know how perfect the male sterile so can be used as cytoplasmic male sterile parent for further breeding process
| Item Type: | Thesis (Sarjana) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | SKR/FP/2014/428/051407821 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 631 Specific techniques; apparatus, equipment materials > 631.5 Cultivation and harvesting |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Pertanian > Budidaya Pertanian |
| Depositing User: | Budi Wahyono Wahyono |
| Date Deposited: | 28 Nov 2014 13:07 |
| Last Modified: | 20 Oct 2021 12:13 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/129906 |
Preview |
Text
BAB_III_Metodologi_pp_16-22.pdf Download (2MB) | Preview |
Preview |
Text
BAB_IV_Hasil_Pembahasan_pp_23-39.pdf Download (2MB) | Preview |
Preview |
Text
BAB_I_-_II_pp_1-15.pdf Download (2MB) | Preview |
Preview |
Text
Daftar_Isi.pdf Download (1MB) | Preview |
Preview |
Text
Cover.pdf Download (1MB) | Preview |
Preview |
Text
Lampiran_denah_n_chart_breeding_pp_49-55.pdf Download (2MB) | Preview |
Preview |
Text
Lampiran_Pengamatan_Karakter_pp_43-48.pdf Download (2MB) | Preview |
Preview |
Text
Lembar_Pengesahan_Skripsi.pdf Download (1MB) | Preview |
Preview |
Text
Daftar_Pustaka_pp_40-42.pdf Download (1MB) | Preview |
Actions (login required)
 |
View Item |