Permata, Prima Nindy (2009) Aspek Biologi dan Daya Mangsa Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) terhadap Kutu Sisik Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) pada Tanaman Jeruk. Sarjana thesis, Universitas Brawijaya.
Abstract
Kutu sisik Aonidiella aurantii merupakan salah satu hama penting yang menimbulkan kerusakan pada tanaman jeruk. Serangan pada tanaman jeruk yang telah berproduksi dapat menurunkan hasil hingga 14%. Pengendalian yang hanya mengandalkan bahan kimia tidak terlalu efektif karena kutu sisik memiliki perisai yang mampu menahan pestisida dan menimbulkan resistensi. Untuk mengatasi serangan kutu sisik perlu dilakukan tindakan pengendalian yang ramah lingkungan yaitu dengan pemanfaatan musuh alami. Musuh alami yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengendalikan kutu sisik yaitu Harmonia axyridis . Tujuan penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah untuk mengetahui biologi dan daya mangsa H. axyridis larva instar 1, 2, 3, 4 dan imago terhadap kutu sisik A. aurantii. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Entomologi, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Jeruk dan Buah Subtropika, Tlekung, Batu, Jawa Timur, mulai bulan Juni 2008 hingga bulan November 2008. Penelitian daya mangsa dilakukan dengan menggunakan stadia H. axyridis sejak larva instar 1 hingga menjadi imago dan mati. Mangsa diberikan 1 kali selama 24 jam yaitu pukul 10.00 WIB. Daun atau ranting yang terinfestasi A. aurantii ditancapkan pada savana lembab dan dimasukkan dalam gelas plastik bersama dengan 1 ekor H. axyridis. Penggunaan savana lembab bertujuan untuk menjaga kesegaran daun atau ranting jeruk agar tidak layu. Gelas plastik kemudian ditutup dengan kain sifon yang direkatkan dengan penutup gelas yang telah dilubangi. Setelah 24 jam dihitung jumlah A. aurantii yang tersisa. Mangsa yang sudah dihitung akan ditambah atau diganti. Mangsa yang diberikan menggunakan perbandingan 2:1:1:1 (nimfa instar 1 : nimfa instar 2 jantan : nimfa instar 2 betina : imago). Data hasil pengamatan diolah dengan cara menghitung rata-rata A. aurantii yang dimangsa per hari dari masing-masing stadia dan siklus hidup H. axyridis . Pada pengamatan preferensi data hasil pengamatan dianalisis dengan metode statistika non parametrik menggunakan χ² apabila terdapat keterkaitan maka dilanjutkan dengan uji kontras. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan diketahui bahwa telur H. axyridis berukuran panjang 3,0 ± 0,0 mm dengan lebar 1,0 ± 0,0 mm. Telur menetas 3 – 5 hari setelah peletakan. Telur berbentuk lonjong, berwarna kuning cerah dan berubah menjadi abu-abu saat akan menetas, bertekstur halus. Telur diletakkan secara berkelompok dengan posisi berdiri, tiap kelompok berjumlah 20 – 30 butir. Larva H. axyridis mengalami pergantian kulit sebanyak 3 kali. Larva instar 1 berukuran panjang 1,85 ± 0,23 mm dan lebar 1,0 ± 0,0 mm, larva instar 2 berukuran panjang 2,92 ± 0,29 mm dan lebar 1,0 ± 0,0 mm, larva instar 3 berukuran panjang 6,77 ± 0,63 mm dan lebar 1,77 ± 0,25 mm, dan larva instar 4 berukuran panjang 8,95 ± 0,60 mm dan lebar 1,87 ± 0,22 mm. Dengan peluang hidup stadium larva instar 1 yaitu 100%, instar 2 yaitu 96,6%, instar 3 yaitu 90% dan instar 4 yaitu 86,6%. Pupa berukuran panjang 5,75 ± 0,25 mm dengan lebar 3,85 ± 0,23 mm. Stadium pupa berlangsung selama 6,56 ± 0,66 hari, dengan peluang hidup 80%. Imago berukuran panjang 6,35 ± 0,53 mm dan lebar 5,45 ± 0,56 mm, dengan lama hidup 59,60 ± 14,91 hari dan peluang hidup 73%. Bentuk tubuh bulat setengah bola. Elytra imago yang baru keluar bertekstur lunak dan lentur. Elytra berangsur-angsur mengeras dan terdapat spot berwarna hitam dengan jumlah berkisar antara 10-20 spot. Elytra yang telah mengeras berwarna kuning muda, oranye hingga kemerahan. Daya mangsa H. axyridis larva instar 1 hingga imago sebesar 6,38 ± 4,17 ekor/hari. Daya mangsa H. axyridis mengalami peningkatan dan penurunan yang disebabkan perbedaan kebutuhan mangsa pada tiap instar. Daya mangsa tertinggi H. axyridis selama stadium larva terjadi saat larva instar 1 sebesar 5,85 ± 0,79 ekor/hari dengan berat 0,06 mg mampu memangsa A. aurantii 4 kali berat tubuh. Larva instar 2 sebesar 5,47 ± 1,36 ekor/hari dengan berat 0,8133 mg mampu memangsa A. aurantii 3 kali berat tubuh. Larva instar 3 sebesar 5,73 ± 1,42 ekor/hari dengan berat 5,8 mg mampu memangsa A. aurantii 72,58 % dari berat tubuh. Larva instar 4 sebesar 4,36 ± 0,91 ekor/hari dengan berat 10,2 mg mampu memangsa A. aurantii 34,31 % dari berat tubuh. Pada stadium imago daya mangsa sebesar 7,97 ± 0,91 ekor/hari dengan berat 21,2 mg mampu memangsa A. aurantii 2 kali berat tubuh. Dalam pengamatan preferensi, H. axyridis menyukai mangsa nimfa instar 1 dan yang paling tidak disukai adalah stadium imago A. aurantii.
English Abstract
The scale insect Aonidiella aurantii is one of important pests which causes damage on citrus plant. The attack on producing plants could decrease yield up to 14%. The chemical control using pesticide is not effective because the scale insect has strong shell which could block pesticide and is could cause resistant. To overcome the attack of scale insect, the controlling effort which is safe for environment is need to be done, that is by using natural enemies. The natural enemy which is able to be used for controlling scale insect is Harmonia axyridis . The purpose of this research was to study the biology and preying ability of H. axyridis , instars larvae of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and imago to the scale insect A. aurantii . This research was conducted in Entomology laboratory, Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute (ICSFRI), Tlekung, Batu, East Java. It was started on June until November 2008. The research about preying ability was conducted by using stadia of H. axyridis , since first instar larvae until it became imago and dead. The preys were given once time during 24 hours, that was 10.00am. The put leaves or stems infested with A. aurantii then sticked on humid savana was aimed to keep the leaf or the stem of citrus fresh. The plastic glass then covered with syphoon cloth which is glued with cover glass that has been holed. The rest of A. aurantii were counted after 24 h. The counted preys would be replaced or added. The composition of preys given as fodder was 2 : 1 : 1 : 1 (nymph instar 1st : nymph instar 2nd male : nymph instar 2nd of : imago). The result of observation then were analyzed by calculating the average of A. aurantii which were preyed each day from each stadia and the life cycle of H. axyridis . The data of preference observation were analyzed with non parametric method of statistic by using χ2. If relation is present, then it would be continued with contrast test. Based on observation, it’s known that the eggs of H. axyridis had length 3,0 ± 0,0 mm and width of 1,0 ± 0,0 mm. The eggs hatched after 3-5 days. The shapes of eggs were oval, were put in group with stand position, each group consisted of 20-30 eggs. The larva of H. axyridis had 3 times eclusions. The 1st instar of larvae had 1,85 ± 0,23 mm length and 1,0 ± 0,0 mm width, the 2nd instar larvae had 2,92 ± 0,29 mm length and 1,0 ± 0,0 mm width, the 3rd instar larvae had 6,79 ± 0,63 mm length and 1,77 ± 0,25 mm width, and 4th instar larvae had 8,95 ± 0,60 mm length and 1,87 ± 0,22 mm width. The living chance for 1st instar larva was 100%, 2nd instar was 96,6%, 3rd instar was 90% and 4th instar was 86,6%. The pupae had 5,75 ± 0,25 mm length with 3,85 ± 0,23 mm width. The pupae stadium occurred for 6,56 ± 0,66 days, with the living chance of 80%. The imago had 6,35 ± 0,53 mm length and 5,45 ± 0,56 width, with longevity of life 59,60 ± 14,91 days and chance of 73%. The body shape was half round ball. The elytra of new imago had soft and flex texture. The elytra would ossify and there were 10-20 black spots. The ossified elytra had yellow light, orange until reddish in color. The preying ability of H. axyridis 1st instar larva until imago was 6,38 ± 4,17 individual/day. The preying ability increased or reduced as effect of the preys needed by each instar. The highest preying ability of H. axyridis during larvae stadium occurred when 1st instar larva was 5,85 ± 0,79 individual/day with the weight of 0,06 mg was able to prey 4 times of its own body weight. The 2nd instar larvae was 5,47 ± 1,36 individual/day with 0,8133 mg weight was able to prey A. aurantii 3 times of it’s own body weight. The 3rd instar larvae was 5,73 ± 1,42 individual/day with 5,8 mg weight was able to prey A. aurantii 72,58 % of it’s own body weight. The 4th instar larvae was 4,36 ± 0,91 individual/day with 10,2 mg weight was able to prey A. aurantii 34,31 % of it’s own body weight. On imago stadium, the preying ability was 7,97 ± 0,91 individual/day with 21,2 mg weight was able to prey A. aurantii 2 times of it’s own body weight. On the preference observation, H. axyridis prefered most 1st instar nymph and the least one imago of A. aurantii .
| Item Type: | Thesis (Sarjana) |
|---|---|
| Identification Number: | SKR/FP/2009/141/050902080 |
| Subjects: | 600 Technology (Applied sciences) > 630 Agriculture and related technologies |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Pertanian > Agroekoteknologi |
| Depositing User: | Unnamed user with email repository.ub@ub.ac.id |
| Date Deposited: | 07 Sep 2009 09:50 |
| Last Modified: | 11 Apr 2022 03:12 |
| URI: | http://repository.ub.ac.id/id/eprint/128134 |
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